Chapter 7

Communication
for Various Purposes
“If I am to speak 10 minutes, I need a week for preparation; If fifteen minutes, three days;
if half an hour, two days; if an hour, I am ready now”

- Woodrow Wilson
 Lesson 1

Developing and Delivering an Iformative

Speech

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 As students, and even as professionals, speaking to
inform people is inevitable. You may be asked to describe
an event or object, explain a concept or idea, show how
things work and introduce yourself. There are almost
infinite situations and topics that you can talk about to
inform others. Though there is a gamut of topics you can
choose from, the key point is pick a topic that is new to the
audience or discuss a common topic in a fresher
perspective.

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 The Informative Speech
- aims to inform the audience and not to
advocate a cause or influence people to act and
think as you want them to be.
- the information that you convey will be
judged based on accuracy, completeness,
clarity and meaningfulness.
- It is very important to develop the skill in informative
speaking to achieve personal and professional success. A
successful informative speech can empower the audience
through the new ideas and skills imparted to them. It can
also shape their perception and clear options for action.

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- before you deliver your informative speech,
ensure that your topic merits a speech.

- Identify the level of information that your

audience already know and the information
that they need to know about your chosen
topic.
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- ensure that you clearly understand the
intricacies of your topic to establish
credibility and confidence.

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 TYPES OF INFORMATIVE SPEECH
1. Speech about objects
- objects means something visible, tangible,
or anything perceived by physical senses. It
can be a living or non-living. Speech
organization of this topic can be
chronological, or spatial or topical.
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Example of objects:

1. The Mayon Volcano

2. Light Rail Transit
3. The Banawe Rice Terraces
4. A Syringe
5. The COVID-19 Disease
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2. Speech about Processes
Process refers to sequence of action or steps
that lead to a specific product or income. It
may involve people interacting with machines
and forces of nature.
- the speaker’s goal in this type of speech is
for audience tounderstand and/or
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perform the process.
Generally, you need to have the following
elements when delivering this speech, input
(materials), tools or forces (operate on the
inputs), sequence of steps from start to
finish, output or product, and skills (Bovee,
2003).
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 Speech organization about processes is
chronological. You can apply the following
tips when delivering a speech about
processes:

1. Give an overview about the whole process.

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2. Sub-group complicated processes for better
comprehension. Make sure that sub-grouping
is logically arranged.
3. Review frequently to ensure that the
audience are still with you.
4. Summarize the procedure.
5. Use visual aids.
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Examples of speeches about processes
1. How a tornado develops
2. How papaya soap is made
3. How to play the piano
4. How to cook adobo

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3. Speech about people
Speech about people is like speech about
objects-except of course, they should be
represented as human beings. This type of
speech allows the speaker to describe how
people look like, how they act, how they deal
with life and the like.
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Examples of speeches about people
1. The Sacrifices of Mother Teresa
2. The legacy of President Ferdinand Marcos
3. President Rodrigo Duterte: The Road to
the Malacaňang Palace

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4. Speech about events
An event refers to anything that happens or
is happening.
Speech organization about events can be by
chronology, by cause-effect, or by category. It
must be sub-divided consistently and
logically.
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Examples of speeches about events
1. Logo and Poster Making Contest
2. Recent Philippine Elections
3. National SCUAA
4. CSU – SM First Virtual Accreditation

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5. Speech about issues
An issue refers to a point or matter of
discussion, dispute, and public concern. To
clarify such an issue, a speech may be
delivered.

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The following are some of the issues that can
be discussed for better understanding.

1.The truancy among students

2. Professional Conflicts
3. Sexual Harassment
4. Corruption in the Philippines
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6. Speech about concepts
A concept refers to beliefs, theories,
principles, and ideas. One characteristic of a
concept is its abstract state. A speech about
concepts can be arranged by topics or by
comparison and contrast.

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Examples of speech about concepts:
1. Feminism
2. Financial Freedom
3. Capitalism
4. Leadership

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WAYS IN ORGANIZING INFORMATIVE
SPEECH
Chronological – if you intend to describe a
process or discuss changes and developments,
consider using the chronological arrangement
which involves sequencing of events or steps.

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The topics that may need this approach are the
following:
1. How to print a document from a computer.
2. How to cook spaghetti
3. The Life of Oprah Winfrey
 Spatial – If you need to organize your
speech according to physical space and
relationships between and among locations,
consider using spatial arrangement which
allows the audience to visualize location,
appearance, distances, and arrangement of
objects.
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The topics that may need this approach are
the following:

1. Asia’s Best Tourist Spots

2. Describing a newly built Condominium
3. Different Regions in the Philippines

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 Categorical or Topical – If you intend to
show the audience the classification of
subjects, consider using this approach which
allows the audience to see how the subject is
divided into sub-groups or sub-topics.
Though this approach is very flexible, it may
also bore the audience because of the absence
of actions.
The topics that may need this approach are
the following:

1. Types of learners
2. Different branches of Science
3. Body systems (circulatory, digestive,
respiratory)
Cause and Effect – If you intend to show
reasons why phenomenon occurred and/or
what the outcomes are, consider using the
cause-and-effect approach. It allows the
audience to see the causal relationship of
events.
The topics that may need this approach are
the following:

1. Dangers of Alcohol drinking

2. Dangers of smoking
3. Cause and effect of abortion
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 Comparison and Contrast – If you intend
to show the difference and similarities of an
event, place, person, things, and other
concepts and objects, consider this using
comparison and contrast approach. It helps
the audience choose between two items being
compared.
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The topics that may need this approach are
the following:

1. Mobile phone vs. landline

2. Where to spend a vacation: Singapore or
HongKong?
3. A comparison and contrast between Globe
and Smart
 Additional Tips for an Effective Informative
Speech
1. Use plain language – Avoid jargons,
cliché’s, highfalutin, and legalistic terms
unless it is totally necessary.

2. Relate your topic to the audience – Talk to

them, NOT at them.
3. Do not overestimate nor underestimate your
audience’s knowledge about the topic. Your
main purpose is to inform.

4. Use active and concrete language over

abstract. Since you are writing to inform, be
clear in what you want your readers to
understand.
5. Enlighten and entertain your audience
simultaneously. A happy soul absorbs more
information.
 Lesson 2

Developing and Delivering

a
Persuasive Speech
 Everyday we listen to speakers of different topics.
Teachers
Leaders
Priests
Lawyers
Engineers
Doctors
Etc.

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 Ralph Waldo Emerson once said:
“Speech is power, Speech is to persuade, to
convert, to compel”

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 The Persuasive Speech
The persuasive speech has the primary
purpose of influencing the attitudes or actions
of the audience. It is different from
informative speech in many ways.

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 Informative Speech Persuasive Speech
Presents Opinions Pushes for a choice among options
Speaker acts as the teacher Speaker acts as an advocate
Uses supporting materials to Uses supporting materials to justify
enlighten the audience advice
Asks for little audience Asks for strong audience
commitment commitment
Speaker’s credibility is relevant Speaker’s credibility is more
important
Fewer appeals to emotion Strong appeals to emotion
High ethical obligation Higher ethical obligation
 Four Types of Persuasive Speech

1. Speech to Convince
- no direct action is needed from the
audience;
- its focus is to change attitude and
perception;
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Example: There’s no active COVID case in Pamplona.
(Speech to change the minds of audience)

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2. Speech to Actuate
- an action is needed from the audience,
- an example is an agent convincing a
customer to buy their products or politicians
who ask for your vote during the election.

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3. Speech to Inspire
- the audience usually share the same beliefs
and thoughts with the speaker. Its purpose is
to make the audience more enthusiastic on
something.
- An example is when a team leader motivates
his/her members to never give up and
continue on doing their job no matter how
hard it is.
- Commencement Speech, Speaking during
awarding ceremonies, and tribute have the
purpose to inspire audience.
4. Debates and Public Argumentation
- two groups of people or two individuals
discuss a certain proposition; one is “for”
and the other one is “against”. This can also
be in the form of a meeting or panel with
members giving their own points of view.
 The Persuasion Process
According to William J. McGuire, persuasion,
through the Information Processing Model
involves six steps:
1. Presentation 4. Yielding
2. Attention 5. Retention
3. Comprehension 6. Behavior
1. Presentation – involves exposure to
communication
2. Attention – involves attending to
the message and liking it
3. Comprehension – involves learning
the “what” and the
“how” of the message.
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4. Yielding – involves attitude change
5. Retention – Involves memory
storage and/or argument
6. Behavior – involves acting out of
desired behavior

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Tips in Dealing with a Reluctant Audience
or a “Tough Crowd”

1. Establish goodwill early in your speech

2. Begin with points of agreement.
3. Make good eye contact but not aggressive.

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4. Speak with conviction.
5. Emphasize positive motives and emotions,
such as fairness, safety, sympathy, love,
ambition, respect, and patriotism.
6. Give emphasis on explanation rather than
being argumentative.

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7. Mention experts and authorities that the
audience respect.
8. Do not push your audience to believe in all
of your arguments.
9. Compare your views with others but make
sure your comparison is favorable on your
side.
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10. Anticipate possible questions from the
audience and then supply them as you talk.
11. Never threaten the values of the audience,
instead, reason out on the perspective of your
listener’s values.
12. Demonstrate a clear and specific plan of
action.
13. Be sincere and enthusiastic.
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 Designs for a Persuasive Speech

Problem- Solution Method

Using this model, a speaker presents a
problem then proposes a solution. He/ she
tries to convince the audience that a problem
exists and
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that the audience need to act on it and make a
change.

Step 1. Persuade the audience that the

problem exists. Problems may range from the
easiest to the most difficult. They may be
familiar to the
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audience or new for them. In case your
audience is not familiar to the problem, take time
or make the problem understood by them.

Step 2. Persuade the audience that your

solution is the best. Tailor the speech in a way
that your proposed solution is worth their time, effort
and money.
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 Lesson 3

Talking that Fits

the Occasion
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 The test of an excellent public speaker is to
challenge himself or herself to have an on-
the-spot or impromptu speech. To deliver
such speech, a speaker needs to have a great
organizational skills, wit, and composure.
Speaking in front of people is a fearsome task,
more so if you have very little time to prepare.
We are sometimes asked to “say a few
words” in an event that usually rattles us
especially when we are not used to it.
 Impromptu Speech

The feature that distinguishes impromptu

from other types of speech is time. Impromptu
speech involves unrehearsed speaking with
very short time for preparation.
 In fact, many of the speeches you give are
impromptu. You can be asked to speak to
introduce, to thank, to inspire, to welcome, to
entertain, and to congratulate. No matter what
the purpose is, all entails little time to prepare.
The challenge is how you can deliver such
speech effectively.
 Methods or Patterns of Organizing an Impromptu
Speech
1. PREP Method
Point : State your position on the topic
Reason : State your reason for taking the
position
Example: Provide and example that helps
explain your reason.
Restatement of Point: Summarize and
restate your position
P : The point I wish to make is that
Impromptu Speaking is an
essential skill to have.

R : Being able to speak effectively

with little preparation is very
empowering.
E : I can remember my sister being
called to speak in front of her
colleagues. At first, she
struggled; but because she
knows some techniques in
delivering an impromptu speech,
the struggles were turned into
opportunities -
opportunities to showcase her speaking skills
and wit. Now, she is more confident, more
vibrant, more alive, more willing to take risks
not only in speaking but also in whatever she
does.
P : When a person becomes more
comfortable in speaking even with
less preparation, he or she
becomes stronger and empowered.
2. Point – Support – Conclusion (PSC)
Method

Point : Provide your point of view,

key idea or objective.
Support : Provide stories or examples that
help prove your point.
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Conclusion : End by restating your
point of view or key idea
and by making your call
of action.

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 3. Past – Present – Future (PPF) Method
Point : State your key point

Past : Discuss what happened in the past

Future : Tell your audience about what will or

could happen in the future.
Point : Summarize by restating your key
point.
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 Delivering Functional Speeches

No matter what the situation is, we need to

consider this points:

1. Functional speeches must be brief.

2. Functional speeches concern emotions.
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3. Functional speeches, especially the
language used, must be appropriate to the
situation. You do not want a highly
entertaining speech during a funeral.

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 Introducing a Speaker

Generally, introducing speakers should not

be longer than two minutes. Do not be a
catalyst to the boredom of the audience by
enumerating the full biography of the speaker.
Use the following sequence when introducing
a speaker: 72
1. What is the topic?
2. Why is it important to the
audience?
3. Why is the speaker qualified to talk
about the topic?
4. Who is the speaker?
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 Welcoming Attendees and Guests

The purpose of Welcoming Attendees is to

make the participants feel comfortable. As the
person designated to welcome the guests, you
stand as the representative of the organizer.
Your credibility and
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performance may influence how the guests
perceive the whole event. Use the following
tips when welcoming the participants:

1. Limit the speech between three to five

minutes.
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2. Mention the organizer, the type of
participants, and the important locations and
facilities.
3. Start with a high note.
4. Describe some highlights of the event.

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 Accepting and Thanking

Use the following tips when thanking those

who recognize us:
1. Keep the speech short, usually not more
than two minutes.
2. Do not forget to thank the Award-giving
organization.
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3. Do not forget to thank those who are
instrumental to your success.

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 Wedding Wishes
A wedding is a day of hope, love, and
celebration. Giving wedding wishes to the
couples need not be fancy; however, you can
be creative.

1. Be sincere.
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2. A love poem or quotation can be a good
way to begin the speech.

3. Speak out your personal thoughts and

relate to the couples.

4. You may use humor.

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 THANK YOU
for
LISTENING
and PARTICIPATING
QUIZ

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