“ THE NORMAL

DISTRIBUTION ”
(continuation)
Learning Objectives:
 Distinguish between parameter and statistic.
 Define sampling distribution of sample means (statistic ).
 Familiarize the properties of sampling distribution of sample means.
 Illustrate the Central Limit Theorem (CLT).
 Use the central limit theorem to solve problems involving sample
means for large samples.
 Use the normal approximation to compute probabilities for a
binomial variable.
 PARAMETER AND STATISTIC

PARAMETER STATISTIC
• a numerical measure that
• a numerical measure that
describes a population
describes a sample
• actual value
• estimate of a value
• not always possible to measure
• always possible to measure
PARAMETER AND STATISTIC
Sixty-two of the 97 passengers aboard the Agila airship
1 survived its explosion. Parameter

In a survey of 300 computer users, 8% said their

2 computers had malfunctions that needed to be repaired by
service technicians.
Statistic

A survey of 1004 Filipino adults found that 52% think that

3 China’s emergence as a world power is a major threat to
the well – being of the Philippines.
Statistic

In January 2013, 60% of the governors of the Philippines

4 were male. Parameter
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEANS
Definition

A sampling distribution of sample means is a

frequency distribution using the means
computed from all possible random samples of
a specific size taken from a population.

Sampling Error is the difference between the sample measure and the corresponding population measure due
to the fact that the sample is not a perfect representation of the population.
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEANS
Steps
1
Determine the number of possible samples that can be drawn
from the population using the formula: 𝑁!
C
N n=
𝑛!(𝑁−𝑛)!

2
List all the possible samples and compute the mean of each
sample.

3
Construct a frequency distribution of the sample means
obtained in Step 2.
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEANS
Example
A population consists of the numbers 2, 4, 9, 10, and 5. List all possible samples of size
3 from this population and compute the mean of each sample.
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEANS
Example
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEANS

Properties

1. The mean of the sample means will be the same as the population
mean.

2. The standard deviation of the sample means will be smaller that the
standard deviation of the population, and it will be equal to the
population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample
size.
 MEAN,VARIANCE & STANDARD DEVIATION
Example (POPULATION)

A professor gave an 8-
point quiz to a small
class of four students.
The results of the quiz
were 2, 6, 4, and 8.
 MEAN,VARIANCE & STANDARD DEVIATION
Example (SAMPLE)
A professor gave an 8-point quiz to
a small class of four students. The
results of the quiz were 2, 6, 4, and
8.
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEANS

Properties
3. As the sample size n increases, the sampling distribution of the means
approaches a normal distribution.
 𝑿−𝝁
𝒛=
𝝈
√𝒏

CENTRA
L LIMIT
THEORE
M (CLT) 1. When the original variable is normally distributed, the distribution
of the sample means will be normally distributed, for any sample
size n.
2. When the distribution of the original variable might not be normal,
a sample size of 30 or more is needed to use a normal distribution
to approximate the distribution of the sample means. The larger
the sample, the better the approximation will be.
 CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
Example # 1

A. C. Neilsen reported that children

between the ages of 2 and 5 watch an average
of 25 hours of television per week. Assume
the variable is normally distributed and the
standard deviation is 3 hours. If 20 children
between the ages of 2 and 5 are randomly
selected, find the probability that the mean of z
the number of hours they watch television will
be greater than 26.3 hours.
Source: Michael D. Shook and Robert L. Shook, The Book of Odds.
 CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
Example # 2

The average age of a vehicle registered in

the United States is 8 years, or 96 months.
Assume the standard deviation is 16 months.
If a random sample of 36 vehicles is selected,
find the probability that the mean of their age
is between 90 and 100 months.
Source: Harper’s Index.
NORMAL APPROXIMATION TO BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
Recall that binomial distribution is determined by n (the number of trials) and p (the
probability of a success). When p is approximately 0.5, and as n increases, the shape of
the binomial distribution becomes similar to that of a normal distribution. The larger n is
and the closer p is to 0.5, the more similar the shape of the binomial distribution is to
that of a normal distribution.

𝑛𝑝 ≥ 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑞 ≥ 5
 NORMAL APPROXIMATION TO BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
A correction for continuity is a correction employed when a continuous distribution is used to approximate a discrete
distribution.

The continuity correction means that for Summary of the Normal Approximation to the
any specific value of X, say 8, the boundaries Binomial Distribution
of X in the binomial distribution (in this case,
7.5 to 8.5) must be used. Hence, when you
employ a normal distribution to approximate
the binomial, you must use the boundaries of
any specific value X as they are shown in the
binomial distribution. For example, for P(X =
8), the correction is P(7.5 < X < 8.5). For P(X
7), the correction is P(X < 7.5). For P(X > 3),
the correction is P(X > 2.5).
NORMAL APPROXIMATION TO BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
NORMAL APPROXIMATION TO BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
Example # 1
NORMAL APPROXIMATION TO BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
Example # 2
 Summary:
 A sampling distribution of sample means is a distribution using the means computed
from all possible random samples of a specific size taken from a population. The
difference between a sample measure and the corresponding population measure is due
to what is called sampling error. The mean of the sample means will be the same as the
population mean. The standard deviation of the sample mean will be equal to the
population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size. The central
limit theorem states that as the sample size increases without limit, the shape of the
distribution of the sample means taken with replacement from a population will
approach a normal distribution.
 A normal distribution can be used to approximate other distributions, such as a
binomial distribution. For a normal distribution to be used as an approximation, the
conditions np 5 and nq 5 must be met. Also, a correction for continuity may be used for
more accurate results.
 References:
 Allan G. Bluman. (2012). Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach Eighth
Edition. 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020: McGraw – Hill
Companies, Inc.
 Mercado, J. P., & Orines, F. B. (2016). Next Century Mathematics: Statistics and
Probability.927 Quezon Ave., Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
 Ocampo, J. M. Jr., & Marquez, W. G. (2016). Conceptual Math and Beyond: Statistics
and Probability. Bonanza Plaza 2, Block 1, Lot 6, Hilltop Subdivision Greater Lagro,
Novaliches, Quezon City: Brilliant Creations Publishing, Inc.