Seminar PPT Israh Geopolymer

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON FLEXURAL
BEHAVIOUR OF GEOPOLYMER
CONCRETE MADE OF MARINE AND
DISTILLED WATER ALKALINE BASED
SOLUTION
PRESENTED BY
ISRAH LATHEEF
AWH20CESE08
INTRODUCTION
• The major problem that the world is facing today is environmental
pollution.
• The amount of the carbon dioxide released during the manufacture of
OPC due to the calcination of limestone and combustion of fossil
fuel is in the order of one ton for every ton of OPC produced.
• In recent years, attempts to increase the utilization of fly ash to
partially replace the use of Portland cement in concrete are gathering
momentum.
• Most of this by-product material is currently dumped in landfills,
creating a threat to the environment.
INTRODUCTION contd……
• The term Geopolymer was introduced to the world by Davidovits
of France in 1978.
• Geopolymers are Aluminosilicate inorganic polymers, which are
formed from polymerisation of Aluminosilicates with Alkaline
solutions.
• Water is not involved in the chemical reaction of Geopolymer
concrete and instead water is expelled during curing and
subsequent drying.
• This is in contrast to the hydration reactions that occur when
Portland cement is mixed with water, which produce the primary
hydration products calcium silicate hydrate and calcium hydroxide.
• PFA- (pulverised fly ash) Fly Ash- rich in Silica
and Aluminium
• ACTIVATORS - Sodium Hydroxide or Potassium
Hydroxide ,Sodium Silicate or Potassium Silicate
PRODUCTION OF GEOPOLYMER
CONCRETE
Constituents
• Cement
• Fine Aggregate
• Coarse Aggregate
• Class-F Fly Ash
• Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)
• Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
• Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO3)
• Super Plasticizer
• Water
PROPERTIES
• Compressive strength of Geopolymer concrete is very high
compared to the ordinary Portland cement concrete.
• It has low heat of hydration in comparison with cement concrete.
• The fire resistance is considerably better than OPC based concrete.
• The drying shrinkage is much less compared to cement concrete.
• Better protection to reinforcement steel from corrosion as
compared to traditional cement concrete.
• Possess very high acid resistance.
PROPERTIES contd…..
• sets at room temperature
• non-toxic, bleed free
• long working life before stiffening
• impermeable
• higher resistance to heat and resist all inorganic solvents
APPLICATIONS
The applications is same as cement concrete.
• Large potential applications for bridges, such as precast structural
elements and decks as well as structural retrofits using
geopolymer-fiber composites.
• Other potential near-term applications are precast pavers & slabs
for paving, bricks and precast pipe.
• It has been mainly used for construction of pavements, retaining
walls, water tanks and precast bridge decks.
LIMITATIONS
• Bringing the base material fly ash to the required location.
• High cost for the alkaline solution.
• Safety risk associated with the high alkalinity of the activating
solution.
• Practical difficulties in applying steam curing / high temperature
curing process .
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMMES
PROPERTIES OF
1) CEMENT
Cement is a binding material and generates the heat of
hydration for process and mixing of concrete. (IS 4031)
2) FINE AGGREGATE
River sand having particle size less than 4.75mm and passing
through 4.75mm was used. Sand used in this study conformed
to Zone-II of Indian standard specifications IS 383-1970.
3) COARSE AGGREGATE
Crushed granite stones of different sizes are used as coarse
aggregates (size between 20 mm and 10 mm aggregate)
Class-F Flyash
• Fly ash is a by-product produced from the combustion of coal.
• Class – F is produced from burning anthracite or bituminous coal.
• In this seminar Class-F (Low Calcium) fly ash produced from NTPS
Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh was used.
• Fly ash is classified based on the calcium oxide (CaO) content and the sum
of silicon oxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3).
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)
• It’s a by-product formed in the manufacture of the iron.
• The cost of the GGBS is the low as compared to cement .
• This have high durability and best reactive in sodium based alkaline
solutions.
ALKALINE LIQUIDS
• Combinations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3)
were employed to achieve the activation of the fly ash material.
• The role of AAS is to dissolve the reactive portion of source materials Si and
Al present in fly ash and GGBS good in polymerization react.
• The alkaline solution is prepared by the sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide
used for alkaline activator (AAS).
SUPER PLASTICIZER
• Super plasticizers are water reducers which are capable of reducing water
contents by about 30%.
• The super plasticizer used in this present study was CONPLAST SP 430
manufactured by M/s FOSROC India Pvt.Ltd.
WATER
• Clean potable water was used for making concrete.
• In this project distilled and marine water is used for casting of specimens.
• Water fit for drinking is generally considered fit for making concrete.
• Water has two functions in a concrete mix.
SPECIMEN PREPARATION
• For the experimental program 112 specimens were casted and
tested.
• The geopolymer concrete is casted by using the alkaline based

solution and marine water and then different percentages of
geopolymer concrete in different sets are casted and kept for
curing for 7,14, and 28 days. And then it was tested after 7, 14 and
28 days respectively.
• The notations for the specimens of the nominal concrete and the marine
and distilled water based specimens are:
• NC1 = Nominal Concrete Mix (ordinary mix)
• GP1 = GPC - I Fly ash - 100% GGBS - 0%
• GP6 = GPC – I Fly ash - 50% GGBS - 50%
CURING AND EXPOSURE
CONDITIONS
• After the casting specimens were allowed to set for 4 days for the
cylinders and 5 days for the beams.
• Then the specimens were removed from the moulds and heat cured
in oven at 60ºC for 24 hours.
• After that the specimens were cured in room temperature until they
reached the 28th-day of age.
Distilled water contains hydrogen and oxygen which are
chemically inert whereas seawater constitutes a rich source
of various commercially important chemical elements such
as magnesium, sodium chloride and bromine.
TESTS AND RESULTS
• COMPRESSIVE TESTS
• SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST
• FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
• Where F is the maximum force (load) applied at the point of

failure and A is the cross-sectional area of the specimen before the
force was applied.
• It can be expressed in terms of N/m² or Pascals (where 1 Pascal
(Pa) = 1 N/m²).
Compression Strength of Geopolymer concrete added with distilled water
GP6 (GP6 = GPC - I Fly ash - 50% GGBS - 50%) has the maximum strength at the
age of 28 days since fly ash and GGBS are in same amount when added with
distilled water.
Compression Strength of Geopolymer concrete added with Marine water
• In the cases of geopolymer concrete using marine water compressive
strength is more at the age of 28 days in every mixes. As compared to
the compressive strength values obtained, GPC has the maximum
strength as compared to ordinary mix concrete (OPC) in both GPC mix
i.e., Geopolymer concrete added with distilled water and Geopolymer
concrete added with Marine water
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
• Splitting tensile strength of concrete, T =
Where
T is the split tensile strength KPa
P is the maximum applied load indicated by testing machine, KN
L is the length in meter
And D is the diameter
Split Tensile Strength of concrete added with distilled water
• GP6 (GP6 = GPC - I Fly ash - 50% GGBS - 50%) has the maximum strength at the
age of 28 days since fly ash and GGBS are in same amount when added with
distilled water.
Split Tensile Strength of concrete added with Marine water
• GP6 (GP6 = GPC - I Fly ash - 50% GGBS - 50%) has the
maximum strength at the age of 28 days since fly ash and GGBS
are in same amount when added with marine water.
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
• It is also referred to as transverse beam test, it involves placing a
sample between two points or supports and initiating a load using a
third point or with two points which are respectively call 3-Point
Bend and 4-Point Bend testing.
Centre Point Load Test

Three-Point Load Test
Flexural Strength values of concrete added with distilled water
• GP6 (GP6 = GPC - I Fly ash - 50% GGBS - 50%) has the maximum strength
at the age of 28 days since fly ash and GGBS are in same amount when added
with distilled water.
Flexural Strength of concrete added with Marine
water
• GP6 (GP6 = GPC - I Fly ash - 50% GGBS - 50%) has the
maximum strength at the age of 28 days since fly ash and GGBS
are in same amount when added with marine water.
• GP5 has strength values approximately nearer to GP6.
TESTING OF BEAMS (BOTH OPC AND GPC)
WITH REINFORCEMENT
• Now to compare the practical values obtained from the test results
with the theoretical values from beam design, we have to observe
the deflection of the normal concrete and geopolymer concrete.
• The beams are designed to take an assumed value of 50 kN.
• The OPC and GPC beams are casted in marine and distilled water
by the use of alkaline based solution. The beams are tested after 28
days and deflection values are calculated.
• Four beams were casted.
• The distilled OPC and GPC specimen and Marine OPC and GPC
specimen are casted and tested under UTM machine. The notations
given are as follows:
 N-1 = Distilled water based GPC beam
 N-2 = Distilled water based OPC beam
 M-1 = Marine water based GPC beam
 M-2 = Marine water based OPC beam
BEAM DETAILS
PROCEDURE OF FLEXURAL TEST ON
CONCRETE
• The test should be conducted on the specimen immediately after
taken out of the curing condition.
• Place the specimen on the loading points. The hand finished
surface of the specimen should not be in contact with loading
points.
• Centre the loading system in relation to the applied force.
• Bring the block applying force in contact with the specimen
surface at the loading points.
• Applying loads between 2 to 6 percent of the computed ultimate
load.
• Load the specimen continuously without shock till the point of failure
at a constant rate (Indian standard specified loading rate of 400 kg/min
for 150mm specimen and 180 kg/min for 100mm specimen, stress
increase rate 0.06 ± 0.04 N/mm2 according to British standard).
• Finally, measure the cross section of the tested specimen at each
end and at center to calculate average depth and height.
TEST RESULTS
Load vs deflection values of the beam N-1
Load vs deflection values of the beam N-2
Here (for specimen N-2) ultimate load or total failure of specimen
happened at 75 KN of loading with a deflection of 3.53mm whereas for
N-1, total failure happened at 85 KN of loading at a deflection of 3.69mm.
Load vs deflection results for the beam M-1
Here (for marine based GPC specimen) the total failure
happened at 70 KN of load at a deflection of 3.523mm. And at
17 KN first crack was seen at 0.612mm deflection.
Load Vs deflection results for the beam M-2
Here (for specimen M-2) ultimate load or total failure of specimen happened
at 55 KN of loading with a deflection of 3.62mm whereas for M-1, total
failure happened at 70 KN of loading at a deflection of 3.523mm.
Comparison of Beams casted with Nominal
Concrete and Geopolymer Concrete
By comparing the practical values obtained from the test results with the
theoretical values from beam design, we observe that deflection of the
normal concrete and Geopolymer concrete , the GPC have attain the more
strength values.
CONCLUSION
• With the increase in GGBS content up to 50%, compressive strength,
split tensile strength and flexural strength were also increased.
• As per comparison of nominal mix, the percentage of increase in
compressive strength for distilled water added GPC is up to 5.48% and
marine water added GPC is up to 7.27% respectively.
• Spilt tensile strength of distilled water GPC is increased up to 6.78 %
and marine water GPC is 6.14% respectively.
• The flexural strength of both distilled water GPC and marine water GPC
is increased up to 12.8%.
• The comparison of N-1 beam to N-2 beam, the N-1 value is increased by
13.3%.
• And in the comparison of M-1 beam to M-2 beam, the M-1 value is
increased by 27.2% and the comparison of N-1 beam to M-1 beam, the N-1
value is increased by 21.42%.
• By comparison the normal values obtained from the test results with the
theoretical values from beam design, we observe the deflection of distilled
water added OPC is 0.53 and distilled water added GPC is 0.62 and marine
water added OPC is 0.51 and marine water added GPC is 0.61, which are
less than the theoretical value.
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COMPARATIVE STUDY ON FLEXURAL

• Class – F is produced from burning anthracite or bituminous coal.

• The geopolymer concrete is casted by using the alkaline based

• Where F is the maximum force (load) applied at the point of

Centre Point Load Test

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