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Morphological Processes

This document discusses morphological processes in language. It describes two main types: concatenative processes that involve combining morphemes like compounding, incorporation, and affixation; and non-concatenative processes that alter the internal structure like reduplication, internal modification involving changes in vowels or consonants, and conversion between word classes. Specific morphological processes are defined and examples are provided, such as compounding combining word parts, affixation adding prefixes or suffixes, and reduplication repeating parts of words.

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Wenenia Comabig
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92 views23 pages

Morphological Processes

This document discusses morphological processes in language. It describes two main types: concatenative processes that involve combining morphemes like compounding, incorporation, and affixation; and non-concatenative processes that alter the internal structure like reduplication, internal modification involving changes in vowels or consonants, and conversion between word classes. Specific morphological processes are defined and examples are provided, such as compounding combining word parts, affixation adding prefixes or suffixes, and reduplication repeating parts of words.

Uploaded by

Wenenia Comabig
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MORPHOLOGICAL

PROCESSES
Morphological Processes
 Alter stems to derive new words.

 They may change the word’s


meaning (derivational) or it’s
grammatical functions (inflectional)
Morphological Processes

Concatenative Non-concatenative

Reduplication
Compounding (repetition)

Internal
Incorporation modification

Conversion
Affixation

Back Derivation
CONCATENATIVE
Compounding

Used to form new words through


combining two stems as in the
words.
Compounding
It can be composed of many parts of speech. Some examples
include:

Noun-noun such as horseshoe


Noun-verb such as trouble-shoot
Adjective-verb or high-jump
Adjective-adjective such as bittersweet
Adjective-noun such as jumping bean
Verb-noun such as spelling bee
Verb-preposition such as push-up
Preposition-verb such as out-cast
Incorporation
 Similar to compound, typically as
noun-incorporation where a nominal
stem is fused with a verbal stem to
yield a larger, derived verbal system

 (e.g. to globe-trot)
Affixation
 Involves the attachment of morphemes to
a stem. There are several types of affixes,
classified in terms of where they attach to
a stem: beginning, middle, end, or
around.

 Affixation: suffix, prefix, interfix,


circumfix, and transfix.
NON-
CONCATENATIVE
Reduplication
A process that involves copying part
of the base and attaching it as an
affix
 Description involves determining
how much is copied and where it
appears in relation to the base.
Examples:
 bang-bang – sound of a gun when
firing
 cha-cha – ballroom dance (Latin)
 bye-bye – goodbye
 quack-quack – sound of an animal

duck
Internal Modification
Apophony

 a grammatical opposition is expressed via a


vowel alternation.

Examples:
• Sing, sang, sung, song
• Rise, raise
• Goose, geese
Vowel Modification
 Strong verb in English:

 [I] – [æ] begin – began, ring – rang, sing –


sang
 [i:] – [ou] speak – spoke, steal – stole, weave –

wove
 [ai] – [au] bind – bound, find – found, wind –

wound
Consonant Modification

 [ɵ] – [ð] wreath – wreathe, sheath – sheathe


 [f] – [v] belief – believe, grief – grieve
 [s] – [z] advice – advise, device – devise
 [s] – [d] defence – defend, offence – offend
 [t] – [d] bent – bend, ascent – ascend
Mixed Modification
 More than one segment

Example
Present/past:
 Catch – caught, seek – sought, teach – taught

Verb/Noun:
 live – life, bath – bathe, breath – breathe
Conversion
 Also known as zero-derivation.

 This process changes the part of


speech and meaning of an existing
root without producing any change in
pronunciation or spelling and without
adding any affix.
Back Derivation
(back formation) found in derivation and
not inflection. The formation of a new
lexeme by the deletion of a suffix, or
supposed suffix, form an apparently
complex form by analogy with other
instances where the suffixed and non-
suffixed forms are both lexemes.
Examples:

Transcription – to transcript

Contraception – to contracept
Clipping

a polysyllabic lexeme is
shortened in a more or less
arbitrary fashion.
Examples:
Back Clipping:
advertisement > ad, fanatic > fan, dormitory > dorm,
gymnasium > gym, rhinoceros > rhino, temperature
> temp, Joseph > Jo

Fore – Clipping:
hamburger > burger, violoncello > cello, telephone >
phone, caravan > van

Mixed Clipping:
Influenza > flu, refrigerator > fridge
Acroniminsation

An artificial word-manufacturing,


usually used with names of new
scientific discoveries, trade
names, organization names,
offices
Examples:
 AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome
 LASER = Light amplification by stimulated

emission of radiation
 UNESCO = United Nations Educational,

Scientific, and Cultural Organization


 RADAR = Radio Detecting And Ranging
 SCUBA = Self-Contained Underwater

Breathing Apparatus
THANK
YOU!

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