1

ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION
PREPARED BY: TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE
ENGR. MABEL CATUIRA OF THE PHILIPPINES
INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVES OF THE
STUDY
INTRODUCTION DEFINE
the meaning of Engineering Data
Analysis.

OBJECTIVES OF THE
STUDY
INTRODUCTION DEFINE
the meaning of Engineering Data
Analysis.

RECOGNIZE

OBJECTIVES OF THE the various types of data.

STUDY
INTRODUCTION DEFINE
the meaning of Engineering Data
Analysis.

RECOGNIZE

OBJECTIVES OF THE the various types of data.

STUDY
UNDERSTAND
hierarchy of data
ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS
 ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS
ENGINEERING - is the practical application of scientific principles in order to
design and build something.
 ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS
ENGINEERING - is the practical application of scientific principles in order to
design and build something.
DATA - a collection of facts.
 ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS
ENGINEERING - is the practical application of scientific principles in order to
design and build something.
DATA - a collection of facts.
ANALYSIS - the process of examining something, breaking them down into
parts, learning what they do and how they relate to one another.
 ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS
ENGINEERING - is the practical application of scientific principles in order to
design and build something.
DATA - a collection of facts.
ANALYSIS - the process of examining something, breaking them down into
parts, learning what they do and how they relate to one another.

Engineering Data Analysis is defined as the process used by engineers to

analyze data in order to extract useful information that can later be used on
process improvement, problem and risk identification,  and critical business
decisions. The data analysis process is commonly done by gathering data,
exploring it, and finding a pattern in order to see valuable information and
insights.
INTRODUCTION DEFINE
the meaning of Engineering Data
Analysis.

RECOGNIZE

OBJECTIVES OF THE the various types of data.

STUDY
UNDERSTAND
hierarchy of data
 ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS
ENGINEERING - is the practical application of scientific principles in order to
design and build something.
DATA - a collection of facts.
ANALYSIS - the process of examining something, breaking them down into
parts, learning what they do and how they relate to one another.

Engineering Data Analysis is defined as the process used by engineers to

analyze data in order to extract useful information that can later be used on
process improvement, problem and risk identification,  and critical business
decisions. The data analysis process is commonly done by gathering data,
exploring it, and finding a pattern in order to see valuable information and
insights.
DATA COLLECTION
 DATA COLLECTION
Data 
 DATA COLLECTION
Data  -   collection of
 DATA COLLECTION
Data  -   collection of FACTS.
 DATA COLLECTION
Data  -   collection of FACTS.
Population - 
 DATA COLLECTION
Data  -   collection of FACTS.
Population - the entire pool from which a statistical sample is drawn
 DATA COLLECTION
Data  -   collection of FACTS.
Population - the entire pool from which a statistical sample is drawn.

Data collection is a systematic way of gathering and measuring information

on different groups of people. The data collected can be used on research,
testing hypothesis, and other intended purposes.  
 DATA
Data can be put into the following categories:

•Qualitative - data are measurements that each fail into one of several categories.
“Non-numerically-valued variable”
(hair color, ethnic groups and other attributes of the population)

•Quantitative - data are observations that are measured on a numerical scale

“Numerically-valued variable”
(distance traveled to college, number of children in a family, etc.)
 DATA
•Qualitative
dichotomic if it takes the form of a word with two options (gender -male or female)
polynomic if it takes the form of a word with more than two options (education-
primary school, secondary school and university).

•Quantitative
discrete if it is the result of counting(the number of students of a given ethnic group in a
class, the number of books on a shelf, ...)
continuous if it is the result of measuring(distance traveled, weight of luggage, …)
DATA
 NUMERICAL SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal – consist of categories in each of which the number of respective observations is recorded. The
categories are in no logical order and have no particular relationship. The categories are said to be
mutually exclusive since an individual, object, or measurement can be included in only one of them.

Ordinal – Consists of distinct categories in which order is implied. Values in one category are larger or
smaller than values in other categories (e.g. rating - excellent, good, fair, poor)

Interval – is a set of numerical measurements in which the distance between numbers is of a known,
constant size.

Ratio – is a data value can be formed from a ratio of two data values.
Lowest

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal – consist of categories in each of which the number of respective observations is recorded. The
categories are in no logical order and have no particular relationship. The categories are said to be
mutually exclusive since an individual, object, or measurement can be included in only one of them.

Ordinal – Consists of distinct categories in which order is implied. Values in one category are larger or
smaller than values in other categories (e.g. rating - excellent, good, fair, poor)

Interval – is a set of numerical measurements in which the distance between numbers is of a known,
constant size.

Ratio – is a data value can be formed from a ratio of two data values.

Highest
Lowest

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal – consist of categories in each of which the number of respective observations is recorded. The
categories are in no logical order and have no particular relationship. The categories are said to be
mutually exclusive since an individual, object, or measurement can be included in only one of them.

Ordinal – Consists of distinct categories in which order is implied. Values in one category are larger or
smaller than values in other categories (e.g. rating - excellent, good, fair, poor)

Interval – is a set of numerical measurements in which the distance between numbers is of a known,
constant size.

Ratio – is a data value can be formed from a ratio of two data values.

Highest
Lowest

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal – consist of categories in each of which the number of respective observations is recorded. The
categories are in no logical order and have no particular relationship. The categories are said to be
mutually exclusive since an individual, object, or measurement can be included in only one of them.

Ordinal – Consists of distinct categories in which order is implied. Values in one category are larger or
smaller than values in other categories (e.g. rating - excellent, good, fair, poor)

Interval – is a set of numerical measurements in which the distance between numbers is of a known,
constant size.

Ratio – is a data value can be formed from a ratio of two data values.

Highest
Lowest

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal – consist of categories in each of which the number of respective observations is recorded. The
categories are in no logical order and have no particular relationship. The categories are said to be
mutually exclusive since an individual, object, or measurement can be included in only one of them.

Ordinal – Consists of distinct categories in which order is implied. Values in one category are larger or
smaller than values in other categories (e.g. rating - excellent, good, fair, poor)

Interval – is a set of numerical measurements in which the distance between numbers is of a known,
constant size.

Ratio – is a data value can be formed from a ratio of two data values.

Highest
Lowest

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal – consist of categories in each of which the number of respective observations is recorded. The
categories are in no logical order and have no particular relationship. The categories are said to be
mutually exclusive since an individual, object, or measurement can be included in only one of them.

Ordinal – Consists of distinct categories in which order is implied. Values in one category are larger or
smaller than values in other categories (e.g. rating - excellent, good, fair, poor)

Interval – is a set of numerical measurements in which the distance between numbers is of a known,
constant size.

Ratio – is a data value can be formed from a ratio of two data values.

Highest
Lowest

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal – consist of categories in each of which the number of respective observations is recorded. The
categories are in no logical order and have no particular relationship. The categories are said to be
mutually exclusive since an individual, object, or measurement can be included in only one of them.

Ordinal – Consists of distinct categories in which order is implied. Values in one category are larger or
smaller than values in other categories (e.g. rating - excellent, good, fair, poor)

Interval – is a set of numerical measurements in which the distance between numbers is of a known,
constant size.

Ratio – is a data value can be formed from a ratio of two data values.

Highest
Lowest

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal – consist of categories in each of which the number of respective observations is recorded. The
categories are in no logical order and have no particular relationship. The categories are said to be
mutually exclusive since an individual, object, or measurement can be included in only one of them.

Ordinal – Consists of distinct categories in which order is implied. Values in one category are larger or
smaller than values in other categories (e.g. rating - excellent, good, fair, poor)

Interval – is a set of numerical measurements in which the distance between numbers is of a known,
constant size.

Ratio – is a data value can be formed from a ratio of two data values.

Highest
Lowest

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal – consist of categories in each of which the number of respective observations is recorded. The
categories are in no logical order and have no particular relationship. The categories are said to be
mutually exclusive since an individual, object, or measurement can be included in only one of them.

Ordinal – Consists of distinct categories in which order is implied. Values in one category are larger or
smaller than values in other categories (e.g. rating - excellent, good, fair, poor)

Interval – is a set of numerical measurements in which the distance between numbers is of a known,
constant size.

Ratio – is a data value can be formed from a ratio of two data values.

Highest
Lowest

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal Calculated using names, labels, or qualities. No
mathematical computations can be made at this level.

Colors in the US Names of students in your

flag class
Ordinal
Textbooks you are using this
semester
Interval

Ratio

Highest
Lowest

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal

Arranged in order, but differences between data

Ordinal entries are not meaningful.

Class standings: freshman, Numbers on the back of each

Interval sophomore, junior, senior player’s shirt

Top 50 songs played on the

Ratio radio

Highest
Lowest

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal

Ordinal

Interval Arranged in order, the differences between data entries can be

calculated.

Temperatures Years on a timeline

Ratio
Atlanta Braves World Series
victories

Highest
Lowest

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio A ratio of two data values can be formed so one data value can be
expressed as a ratio.

Ages Grade point averages Weights

Highest
Lowest

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

Highest
INTRODUCTION DEFINE
the meaning of Engineering Data
Analysis.

RECOGNIZE

OBJECTIVES OF THE the various types of data.

STUDY
UNDERSTAND
hierarchy of data
 REFERENCES
Elementary Statistics by Bluman. 8th edition

Punzalan, L. O. (2005). Basic Concepts and Techniques in Statistics.

 2
ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION TO
PROBABILITY
PREPARED BY: TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE
ENGR. MABEL CATUIRA OF THE PHILIPPINES
RECALL !!!
 ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS
EDA

PROBABILITY STATISTICS

Permutation Basic Curve Fitting,

Introduction to Sampling
and Probability Point Estimate Regression,
Probability Distribution
Combination Rules and Correlation
 ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS
EDA

PROBABILITY STATISTICS

Permutation Basic Curve Fitting,

Introduction to Sampling
and Probability Point Estimate Regression,
Probability Distribution
Combination Rules and Correlation
 ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS
EDA

PROBABILITY STATISTICS

Permutation Basic Curve Fitting,

Introduction to Sampling
and Probability Point Estimate Regression,
Probability Distribution
Combination Rules and Correlation
 ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS
EDA

PROBABILITY STATISTICS

Permutation Basic Curve Fitting,

Introduction to Sampling
and Probability Point Estimate Regression,
Probability Distribution
Combination Rules and Correlation
 ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS
EDA

PROBABILITY STATISTICS

Permutation Basic Curve Fitting,

Introduction to Sampling
and Probability Point Estimate Regression,
Probability Distribution
Combination Rules and Correlation
 ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS
EDA

PROBABILITY STATISTICS

PERMUTATION Basic Curve Fitting,

Introduction to Sampling
AND Probability Point Estimate Regression,
Probability Distribution
COMBINATION Rules and Correlation
 INTRODUCTION
For effective learning:
 INTRODUCTION
For effective learning:

1. GET YOUR
CALCULATOR
 INTRODUCTION
For effective learning:

1. GET YOUR
CALCULATOR

2. PEN AND
SCRATCH PAPER
INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVES OF THE
STUDY
INTRODUCTION COUNTING PRINCIPLE
m ways x n ways x r ways

OBJECTIVES OF THE
STUDY
INTRODUCTION COUNTING PRINCIPLE
m ways x n ways x r ways

PERMUTATION

OBJECTIVES OF THE P(n,r) = n! / (n-r)!

STUDY
INTRODUCTION COUNTING PRINCIPLE
m ways x n ways x r ways

PERMUTATION

OBJECTIVES OF THE P(n,r) = n! / (n-r)!

STUDY
COMBINATION
nCr = n! / ((n – r)!
 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING
“If there are n ways of doing something, and m ways of doing another thing
after that, then there are n × m ways to perform both of these actions.

Erin has 5 tops, 6 skirts and 4 caps from which to choose an outfit. In how
many ways can she select one top, one skirt, and one cap?
 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING
“If there are n ways of doing something, and m ways of doing another thing
after that, then there are n × m ways to perform both of these actions.

Erin has 5 tops, 6 skirts and 4 caps from which to choose an outfit. In how
many ways can she select one top, one skirt, and one cap?

ANS: 120
 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING
“If there are n ways of doing something, and m ways of doing another thing
after that, then there are n × m ways to perform both of these actions.

How many 4 – digit numbers can be formed from the following digits: 1, 2, 3, 4,
and 6? (if the numbers can be repeated)
 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING
“If there are n ways of doing something, and m ways of doing another thing
after that, then there are n × m ways to perform both of these actions.

How many 4 – digit numbers can be formed from the following digits: 1, 2, 3, 4,
and 6? (if the numbers can be repeated)

Ans. 625 ways

 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING
“If there are n ways of doing something, and m ways of doing another thing
after that, then there are n × m ways to perform both of these actions.

How many 4 – digit numbers can be formed without repeating any digit from
the following digits: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6?
 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING
“If there are n ways of doing something, and m ways of doing another thing
after that, then there are n × m ways to perform both of these actions.

How many 4 – digit numbers can be formed without repeating any digit from
the following digits: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6?

Ans. 120 ways

 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING
“If there are n ways of doing something, and m ways of doing another thing
after that, then there are n × m ways to perform both of these actions.

The standard four-wheel vehicle plates in the Philippines contains 3 letters

followed by four digits. How many possible plates can be made using this
format?
 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING
“If there are n ways of doing something, and m ways of doing another thing
after that, then there are n × m ways to perform both of these actions.

The standard four-wheel vehicle plates in the Philippines contains 3 letters

followed by four digits. How many possible plates can be made using this
format?

Ans. 175,760,000 ways

 PERMUTATION
Defined as an ordered arrangement of a finite number of elements, either all
of the available n elements or of a part of them.

The number of permutations of n things taken r at a time is:

 PERMUTATION
Defined as an ordered arrangement of a finite number of elements, either all
of the available n elements or of a part of them.

Jim has 6 different books. Find the number of orders in which the 6
books can be arranged on a shelf.
 PERMUTATION
Defined as an ordered arrangement of a finite number of elements, either all
of the available n elements or of a part of them.

Jim has 6 different books. Find the number of orders in which the 6
books can be arranged on a shelf.

Ans. 720
 PERMUTATION
Defined as an ordered arrangement of a finite number of elements, either all
of the available n elements or of a part of them.

If the shelf has room for only 3 books, find the number of ways 3 of the
books can be arranged.
 PERMUTATION
Defined as an ordered arrangement of a finite number of elements, either all
of the available n elements or of a part of them.

If the shelf has room for only 3 books, find the number of ways 3 of the
books can be arranged.

= 6x5x4
= 6P3
Ans. 120
PERMUTATION

P
6 3
 PERMUTATION
Defined as an ordered arrangement of a finite number of elements, either all
of the available n elements or of a part of them.

If no letter can be used more than once, how many permutations of the
first three letters of the alphabet?
 PERMUTATION
Defined as an ordered arrangement of a finite number of elements, either all
of the available n elements or of a part of them.

If no letter can be used more than once, how many permutations of the
first three letters of the alphabet?

= 3x2x1
= 3P3
Ans. 6
 PERMUTATION
Defined as an ordered arrangement of a finite number of elements, either all
of the available n elements or of a part of them.

How many permutations for the first 5 letters taken 3 at a time?

 PERMUTATION
Defined as an ordered arrangement of a finite number of elements, either all
of the available n elements or of a part of them.

How many permutations for the first 5 letters taken 3 at a time?

= 5P3

Ans. 60
 PERMUTATION
Defined as an ordered arrangement of a finite number of elements, either all
of the available n elements or of a part of them.

In how many ways can you arranged the letters from the word
“MISSISSIPPI”?
 PERMUTATION with Identical Elements
The number of permutations is reduced when a collection contains identical
elements. The number of permutation, n objects, p of one type, q of another, s
of another, etc.. is given by
In how many ways can you arranged the letters from the word
“MISSISSIPPI”?
 PERMUTATION with Identical Elements
The number of permutations is reduced when a collection contains identical
elements. The number of permutation, n objects, p of one type, q of another, s
of another, etc.. is given by
In how many ways can you arranged the letters from the word
“MISSISSIPPI”?

____________________
p! q! s!
 PERMUTATION with Identical Elements
The number of permutations is reduced when a collection contains identical
elements. The number of permutation, n objects, p of one type, q of another, s
of another, etc.. is given by
In how many ways can you arranged the letters from the word
“MISSISSIPPI”?
11!
MISSISSIPPI = 11 _______________________
M = 1 (11-11)! 1! x 4! x 4! x 2!
I = 4 ____________________
S = 4 p! q! s!
P = 2
Ans. 34650 ways
 PERMUTATION with Identical Elements
The number of permutations is reduced when a collection contains identical
elements. The number of permutation, n objects, p of one type, q of another, s
of another, etc.. is given by
Find the largest number of permutations of the letters in MATHEMATICS.

Ans. 4989600 ways

 CIRCULAR PERMUTATION
The shifting of an entire order of elements one or more steps forward or
backward – the first element taking the position of the last, or vice versa,
without changing the order of the elements in the sequence.
To calculate the number of ways n objects can be arranged in a circle, we fix
the position of one object, so the remaining (n-1) objects can be arranged as if
they were in a straight line.
 CIRCULAR PERMUTATION
The shifting of an entire order of elements one or more steps forward or
backward – the first element taking the position of the last, or vice versa,
without changing the order of the elements in the sequence.
To calculate the number of ways n objects can be arranged in a circle, we fix
the position of one object, so the remaining (n-1) objects can be arranged as if
they were in a straight line. a
e b

d c
 CIRCULAR PERMUTATION
The shifting of an entire order of elements one or more steps forward or
backward – the first element taking the position of the last, or vice versa,
without changing the order of the elements in the sequence.
To calculate the number of ways n objects can be arranged in a circle, we fix
the position of one object, so the remaining (n-1) objects can be arranged as if
they were in a straight line. a
e b
(n-1)

d c
 CIRCULAR PERMUTATION
The shifting of an entire order of elements one or more steps forward or
backward – the first element taking the position of the last, or vice versa,
without changing the order of the elements in the sequence.
To calculate the number of ways n objects can be arranged in a circle, we fix
the position of one object, so the remaining (n-1) objects can be arranged as if
they were in a straight line. a
e b
P = (n-1)
n n (n-1)

d c
 CIRCULAR PERMUTATION
To calculate the number of ways n objects can be arranged in a circle, we fix
the position of one object, so the remaining (n-1) objects can be arranged as if
they were in a straight line.
At a dinner party 6 men and 6 women sit at a round table. How many ways
can they sit if: a
a. There are no restrictions
e b
b. Men and women alternate
(n-1)
c. Ted and Carol must sit together
d. Bob, Ted and Carol must sit together d c
P = (n-1)
n n
 CIRCULAR PERMUTATION
To calculate the number of ways n objects can be arranged in a circle, we fix
the position of one object, so the remaining (n-1) objects can be arranged as if
they were in a straight line.
At a dinner party 6 men and 6 women sit at a round table. How many ways
can they sit if: a
a. There are no restrictions
e b
b. Men and women alternate
(n-1)
c. Ted and Carol must sit together
d. Bob, Ted and Carol must sit together d c
P = (n-1)
n n
 CIRCULAR PERMUTATION
To calculate the number of ways n objects can be arranged in a circle, we fix
the position of one object, so the remaining (n-1) objects can be arranged as if
they were in a straight line.
At a dinner party 6 men and 6 women sit at a round table. How many ways
can they sit if: a
a. There are no restrictions 39916800 ways = (12-1)!
e b
b. Men and women alternate
(n-1)
c. Ted and Carol must sit together
d. Bob, Ted and Carol must sit together d c
P = (n-1)
n n
 CIRCULAR PERMUTATION
To calculate the number of ways n objects can be arranged in a circle, we fix
the position of one object, so the remaining (n-1) objects can be arranged as if
they were in a straight line.
At a dinner party 6 men and 6 women sit at a round table. How many ways
can they sit if: a
a. There are no restrictions
e b
b. Men and women alternate
(n-1)
c. Ted and Carol must sit together
d. Bob, Ted and Carol must sit together d c
P = (n-1)
n n
 CIRCULAR PERMUTATION
To calculate the number of ways n objects can be arranged in a circle, we fix
the position of one object, so the remaining (n-1) objects can be arranged as if
they were in a straight line.
At a dinner party 6 men and 6 women sit at a round table. How many ways
can they sit if: a
a. There are no restrictions
e b
b. Men and women alternate 86400 ways = 5! 6!
(n-1)
c. Ted and Carol must sit together
d. Bob, Ted and Carol must sit together d c
P = (n-1)
n n
 CIRCULAR PERMUTATION
To calculate the number of ways n objects can be arranged in a circle, we fix
the position of one object, so the remaining (n-1) objects can be arranged as if
they were in a straight line.
At a dinner party 6 men and 6 women sit at a round table. How many ways
can they sit if: a
a. There are no restrictions
e b
b. Men and women alternate
(n-1)
c. Ted and Carol must sit together
d. Bob, Ted and Carol must sit together d c
P = (n-1)
n n
 CIRCULAR PERMUTATION
To calculate the number of ways n objects can be arranged in a circle, we fix
the position of one object, so the remaining (n-1) objects can be arranged as if
they were in a straight line.
At a dinner party 6 men and 6 women sit at a round table. How many ways
can they sit if: a
a. There are no restrictions
e b
b. Men and women alternate
(n-1)
c. Ted and Carol must sit together 7257600 ways = (11-1)! 2!
d. Bob, Ted and Carol must sit together d c
P = (n-1)
n n
 CIRCULAR PERMUTATION
To calculate the number of ways n objects can be arranged in a circle, we fix
the position of one object, so the remaining (n-1) objects can be arranged as if
they were in a straight line.
At a dinner party 6 men and 6 women sit at a round table. How many ways
can they sit if: a
a. There are no restrictions
e b
b. Men and women alternate
(n-1)
c. Ted and Carol must sit together
d. Bob, Ted and Carol must sit together d c
P = (n-1)
n n
 CIRCULAR PERMUTATION
To calculate the number of ways n objects can be arranged in a circle, we fix
the position of one object, so the remaining (n-1) objects can be arranged as if
they were in a straight line.
At a dinner party 6 men and 6 women sit at a round table. How many ways
can they sit if: a
a. There are no restrictions
e b
b. Men and women alternate
(n-1)
c. Ted and Carol must sit together
d. Bob, Ted and Carol must sit together 2177280 ways d c
= (10-1)! 3!
P = (n-1)
n n
 COMBINATION
An arrangement of the selection of the objects regardless of the order.

The number of combinations of n things taken r at a time is:

 COMBINATION
An arrangement of the selection of the objects regardless of the order.

Mary wants to join a book club that offers a choice of 10 new books each
month. If Mary wants to buy 2 books, find the number of different pairs
she can buy.
COMBINATION

C
10 2
 COMBINATION
An arrangement of the selection of the objects regardless of the order.

Mary wants to join a book club that offers a choice of 10 new books each
month. If Mary wants to buy 2 books, find the number of different pairs
she can buy.

= 10C2

Ans. 45
 COMBINATION
An arrangement of the selection of the objects regardless of the order.

Mary wants to join a book club that offers a choice of 10 new books each
month. If Mary wants 7 books, how many sets can she buy?
 COMBINATION
An arrangement of the selection of the objects regardless of the order.

Mary wants to join a book club that offers a choice of 10 new books each
month. If Mary wants 7 books, how many sets can she buy?

= C
10 7

Ans. 120
 COMBINATION
An arrangement of the selection of the objects regardless of the order.

A group of 12 people are forming a committee. How many different 4-

person committees can be formed?
 COMBINATION
An arrangement of the selection of the objects regardless of the order.

A group of 12 people are forming a committee. How many different 4-

person committees can be formed?

= C
12 4

Ans. 495 ways

 SAMPLE EXERCISES:
How many ways could you arrange the letters of the word P R O B A B I L I T Y ?
Note that some of the letters of the word PROBABILITY are repeated.
If 15 people won prizes in a lottery ( assuming that there are no ties ), how
many ways can these 15 people win first , second, third, fourth and fifth prize?
How many ways are there to select 3 candidates from 8 equally qualified
recent graduates for opening in an accounting firm?
A teacher forms a committee whose members come from her class consisting
of 18 boys and 15 girls. How many committees are formed consisting of 5
members of which 3 members are girls and 2 members are boys?
SAMPLE EXERCISES:
ANS : 9, 979,200 ways
ANS : 360,360 ways
ANS : 56 ways
ANS : 69,615 ways
MORE EXERCISES:
INTRODUCTION COUNTING PRINCIPLE
m ways x n ways x r ways

PERMUTATION

OBJECTIVES OF THE P(n,r) = n! / (n-r)!

STUDY
COMBINATION
nCr = n! / ((n – r)!
 REFERENCES
Elementary Statistics by Bluman. 8th edition
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