Database Systems

Database System Session 1

Chapter1: The Worlds of Database Systems
 Objectives

1 Understand the role of Database Systems

2 Understand the method to learn Database Subject

 Contents

1 The Evolution of Database Systems

Overview of a Database and

2 Database Management System
 1.The Evolution of Database Systems

File  From the earliest days of computers, storing and

Management manipulating data have been a major application focus.
System
 In the late 1960s, IBM developed the Information
Management System (IMS) DBMS. IMS formed the basis
Hierarchical for an alternative data representation framework called the
Data hierarchical data model.
Model
 The DBMS was designed by Charles Bachman at General
Electric in the early 1960s and was called the Integrated
Data Store. It formed the basis for the network data
Network model, which was standardized by the Conference on Data
Data Systems Languages (CODASYL) and strongly influenced
Model database systems through the 1960s.

 In 1970, Edgar Codd, at IBM's San Jose Research

Relational Laboratory, proposed a new data representation framework
Data called the relational data model.
Model
 a. Hierarchical data model

Student S1 S2

Course C1 C2 C2 C3 C4

Instructor I1 I2 I2 I3 I1
 Pros and cons

 data must possess a tree structure

 tree structure is natural for geographical data
 data access is easy via the key attribute, but
difficult for other attributes
 in the business case, easy to find record given
its type (department, part or supplier)
 in the geographical case, easy to find record
given its geographical level (state, county, city,
census tract), but difficult to find it given any
other attribute
 Pros and cons (cont’d)

 e.g. find the records with population 5,000 or

less
 tree structure is inflexible
 cannot define new linkages between records
once the tree is established
 e.g. in the geographical case, new relationships
between objects
 cannot define linkages laterally or diagonally in
the tree, only vertically
 Pros and cons (cont’d)

the only geographical relationships which

can be coded easily are "is contained in"
or "belongs to"
DBMSs based on the hierarchical model
(e.g. System 2000) have often been used
to store spatial data, but have not been
very successful as bases for GIS
 b. Network data model

OWNER CUSTOMER SALESPERSON OWNER

CUSTPO SET
SALES PO SET

OWNER PURCHASE-ORDER MEMBER

One-to-one
POITEM SET relationship

MEMBER LINE-ITEMS

One-to-many
relationship
Problems with the networked model

links between records of the same type

are not allowed
while a record can be owned by several
records of different types, it cannot be
owned by more than one record of the
same type (patient can have only one
doctor, only one ward)
c. Relational database
 Pros and cons

the most flexible of the database models

no obvious match of implementation to
model - model is the user's view, not the
way the data is organized internally
is the basis of an area of formal
mathematical theory
 Pros and cons (cont’d)

 most RDBMS data manipulation languages

require the user to know the contents of
relations, but allow access from one relation to
another through common attributes Example:
Given two relations:
PROPERTY(ADDRESS,VALUE,COUNTY_ID)
COUNTY(COUNTY ID,NAME,TAX_RATE)
 to answer the query "what are the taxes on
property x" the user would:
 Pros and cons (cont’d)

retrieve the property record

link the property and county records
through the common attribute
COUNTY_ID
compute the taxes by multiplying VALUE
from the property tuple with TAX_RATE
from the linked county tuple
 2. Outline of Database-System Studies

We divide the study of databases into 2

parts:
 Part I: How to design a database
• Chapter 2: Relational Data Model
• Chapter 3&4: Design database by two different
approach.
 Part II: Manipulation with a database
• Chapter 6: The database language SQL
• Chapter 7: Constraints and Triggers
• Chapter 9: Stored Procedure.
How to learn Database subject?

FDs

Normal
Forms

ERD
SQL
What are the core concepts?

1 2 3
Functional 6-Relational Constraints on
Dependencies Algebra Operators relations
What are the core concepts?

4 5 6
-Close Sets - Keys -ERD
- Super Keys -ERD design
-Algorithms to find -Normal Forms principles
Close Sets (1NF, 2NF, 3NF,
BCNF, MVD)
-Algorithm to
decompose a
relation into 3NF,
BCNF
What are the core concepts?

7 8 9
Extra operators on DML: DDL,
-SELECT Transactions,
Bag Relations: -INSERT Triggers,
-Grouping -UPDATE Procedures
-Duplicate -DELETE
Elimination
-Outer Join
…