By

Isaac Hanson
Eng Dept/GTUC

15/05/2008 18:10:18 Academic excellence in ICT Education

1
Logic Simplification
 Simplification Using Boolean
Algebra
A simplified Boolean expression uses the
fewest gates possible to implement a given
expression.
A

AB+A(B+C)+B(B+C)
B
C
Simplification Using Boolean Algebra

AB+A(B+C)+B(B+C)
A
(distributive law)
 AB+AB+AC+BB+BC B
C AB+A(B+C)+B(B+C)
(rule 7; BB=B)
 AB+AB+AC+B+BC
(rule 5; AB+AB=AB)
 AB+AC+B+BC B B+A
(rule 10; B+BC=B) C
A
 AB+AC+B C
(rule 10; AB+B=B)
 B+AC
 Simplification Using Boolean Algebra

 Try these:

[ AB (C  BD)  A B ]C
A BC  AB C  A B C  AB C  ABC
AB  AC  A B C


 Standard Forms of Boolean
Expressions
All Boolean expressions, regardless of their
form, can be converted into either of two
standard forms:
The sum-of-products (SOP) form
The product-of-sums (POS) form
Standardization makes the evaluation,
simplification, and implementation of
Boolean expressions much more systematic
and easier.
Sum-of-Products (SOP)
 The Sum-of-Products (SOP) Form
 An SOP expression   In an SOP form, a
when two or more single overbar cannot
product terms are extend over more than
summed by Boolean one variable; however,
addition. more than one variable
 Examples: in a term can have an
AB  ABC overbar:
ABC  CDE  B CD  example: A B C is
A B  A BC  AC OK!
 Also: ABC
A  A B C  BCD  But not:
 Implementation of an SOP
X=AB+BCD+AC
 AND/OR implementation  NAND/NAND implementation

A A
B B

B B
C X C X
D D

A A
C C
 General Expression  SOP

 Any logic expression can be changed into SOP

form by applying Boolean algebra techniques.
ex:
A( B  CD)  AB  ACD
AB  B(CD  EF )  AB  BCD  BEF
( A  B )( B  C  D)  AB  AC  AD  BB  BC  BD
( A  B )  C  ( A  B )C  ( A  B )C  AC  BC
 The Standard SOP Form

 A standard SOP expression is one in which all

the variables in the domain appear in each
product term in the expression.
 Example:
AB CD  A B CD  ABC D
 Standard SOP expressions are important in:
 Constructing truth tables
 The Karnaugh map simplification method
 Converting Product Terms to
Standard SOP
 Step 1: Multiply each nonstandard product term by
a term made up of the sum of a missing variable and
its complement. This results in two product terms.
 As you know, you can multiply anything by 1 without
changing its value.
 Step 2: Repeat step 1 until all resulting product
term contains all variables in the domain in either
complemented or uncomplemented form. In
converting a product term to standard form, the
number of product terms is doubled for each
missing variable.
Converting Product Terms to Standard
SOP (example)
 Convert the following Boolean expression into
standard SOP form:
AB C  A B  ABC D

AB C  AB C ( D  D )  AB CD  AB CD

A B  A B (C  C )  A B C  A B C
A B C ( D  D )  A B C ( D  D )  A B CD  A B CD  A B C D  A B C D

AB C  A B  ABC D  AB CD  AB CD  A B CD  A B CD  A B C D  A B C D  ABC D


 Binary Representation of a Standard
Product Term
 A standard product term is equal to 1 for only
one combination of variable values.
 Example: AB CD is equal to 1 when A=1, B=0, C=1,
and D=0 as shown below
AB CD  1  0  1  0  1  1  1  1  1
 And this term is 0 for all other combinations of values
for the variables.
Product-of-Sums (POS)
 The Product-of-Sums
 When two or more sum
(POS) Form
terms are multiplied,
the result expression is
 In a POS form, a single
a product-of-sums overbar cannot extend
(POS): over more than one
 Examples: variable; however,
more than one variable
( A  B )( A  B  C ) in a term can have an
( A  B  C )(C  D  E )( B  C  D) overbar:
(Also:
A  B)( A  B  C )( A  C )  example: A  B  C is
OK!
A B C
A ( A  B  C )( B  C  D )  But not:
 Implementation of a POS
X=(A+B)(B+C+D)(A+C)

 OR/AND implementation

A
B

B
C X
D

A
C
 The Standard POS Form

 A standard POS expression is one in which all

the variables in the domain appear in each sum
term in the expression.
 Example: ( A  B  C  D )( A  B  C  D)( A  B  C  D )

 Standard POS expressions are important in:

 Constructing truth tables
 The Karnaugh map simplification method
 Converting a Sum Term to
Standard POS
Step 1: Add to each nonstandard product term
a term made up of the product of the missing
variable and its complement. This results in
two sum terms.
As you know, you can add 0 to anything without
changing its value.
Step 2: Apply rule 12  A+BC=(A+B)(A+C).
Step 3: Repeat step 1 until all resulting sum
terms contain all variable in the domain in
either complemented or uncomplemented
form.
 Converting a Sum Term to Standard
POS (example)
 Convert the following Boolean expression into
standard POS form:
( A  B  C )( B  C  D )( A  B  C  D)

A  B  C  A  B  C  DD  ( A  B  C  D)( A  B  C  D )

B  C  D  B  C  D  AA  ( A  B  C  D )( A  B  C  D )

( A  B  C )( B  C  D )( A  B  C  D) 
( A  B  C  D)( A  B  C  D )( A  B  C  D )( A  B  C  D )( A  B  C  D)
 Binary Representation of a Standard
Sum Term
 A standard sum term is equal to 0 for only one
combination of variable values.
 Example:A  B  C  D is equal to 0 when A=0, B=1, C=0,
and D=1 as shown below
A B C  D  0 1 0 1  0000  0
 And this term is 1 for all other combinations of values
for the variables.
SOP/POS
 Converting Standard SOP to
Standard POS
The Facts:
The binary values of the product terms in a given
standard SOP expression are not present in the
equivalent standard POS expression.
The binary values that are not represented in the
SOP expression are present in the equivalent POS
expression.
 Converting Standard SOP to
Standard POS
What can you use the facts?
Convert from standard SOP to standard POS.
How?
Step 1: Evaluate each product term in the SOP
expression. That is, determine the binary numbers
that represent the product terms.
Step 2: Determine all of the binary numbers not
included in the evaluation in Step 1.
Step 3: Write the equivalent sum term for each
binary number from Step 2 and express in POS
form.
 Converting Standard SOP to Standard
POS (example)
 Convert the SOP expression to an equivalent
POS expression:
A B C  A BC  A BC  AB C  ABC
 The evaluation is as follows:
000  010  011  101  111
 There are 8 possible combinations. The SOP expression
contains five of these, so the POS must contain the other
3 which are: 001, 100, and 110.
( A  B  C )( A  B  C )( A  B  C )
 Boolean Expressions & Truth
Tables
All standard Boolean expression can be
easily converted into truth table format
using binary values for each term in the
expression.
Also, standard SOP or POS expression can
be determined from the truth table.
 Converting SOP Expressions to
Truth Table Format
 Recall the fact:
 An SOP expression is equal to 1 only if at least one of the
product term is equal to 1.
 Constructing a truth table:
 Step 1: List all possible combinations of binary values of
the variables in the expression.
 Step 2: Convert the SOP expression to standard form if it
is not already.
 Step 3: Place a 1 in the output column (X) for each binary
value that makes the standard SOP expression a 1 and
place 0 for all the remaining binary values.
 Converting SOP Expressions to Truth
Table Format (example)
 Develop a truth table Inputs Output Product
for the standard SOP A B C X Term
expression
0 0 0 0 ABC
A B C  AB C  ABC
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 AB C
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 ABC
1 1 1 1
 Converting POS Expressions to
Truth Table Format
 Recall the fact:
 A POS expression is equal to 0 only if at least one of the
product term is equal to 0.
 Constructing a truth table:
 Step 1: List all possible combinations of binary values of
the variables in the expression.
 Step 2: Convert the POS expression to standard form if it
is not already.
 Step 3: Place a 0 in the output column (X) for each binary
value that makes the standard POS expression a 0 and
place 1 for all the remaining binary values.
 Converting POS Expressions to Truth
Table Format (example)
 Develop a truth table Inputs Output Product
for the standard SOP A B C X Term
expression ( A  B  C)

( A  B  C )( A  B  C )( A  B  C ) 0 0 0 0
( A  B  C )( A  B  C ) 0 0 1 1 ( A  B  C)
0 1 0 0 (A B  C )
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 (A  B  C )
1 0 1 0 ( A  B  C)
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
Determining Standard Expression from
a Truth Table
 To determine the standard SOP expression
represented by a truth table.
 Instructions:
 Step 1: List the binary values of the input variables for
which the output is 1.
 Step 2: Convert each binary value to the corresponding
product term by replacing:
 each 1 with the corresponding variable, and
 each 0 with the corresponding variable complement.
 Example: 1010  AB CD
Determining Standard Expression from
a Truth Table
 To determine the standard POS expression
represented by a truth table.
 Instructions:
 Step 1: List the binary values of the input variables for
which the output is 0.
 Step 2: Convert each binary value to the corresponding
product term by replacing:
 each 1 with the corresponding variable complement, and
 each 0 with the corresponding variable.
 Example: 1001 A  B  C  D
Determining Standard Expression from
a Truth Table (example)
I/P O/P  There are four 1s  There are four 0s in

SOP POS
A B C X in the output and the output and the
the corresponding corresponding
0 0 0 0 binary value are binary value are
0 0 1 0 011, 100, 110, and 000, 001, 010, and
0 1 0 0 111. 101.
011  A BC 000  A  B  C
0 1 1 1 100  AB C 001  A  B  C
1 0 0 1 110  ABC 010  A  B  C

1 0 1 0 111  ABC 101  A  B  C

1 1 0 1 X  A BC  AB C  ABC  ABC
1 1 1 1
X  ( A  B  C )( A  B  C )( A  B  C )( A  B  C )
The Karnaugh Map
 The Karnaugh Map

Feel a little difficult using Boolean algebra

laws, rules, and theorems to simplify logic?
A K-map provides a systematic method for
simplifying Boolean expressions and, if
properly used, will produce the simplest
SOP or POS expression possible, known as
the minimum expression.
 What is K-Map

 It’s similar to truth table; instead of being

organized (i/p and o/p) into columns and rows, the
K-map is an array of cells in which each cell
represents a binary value of the input variables.
 The cells are arranged in a way so that
simplification of a given expression is simply a
matter of properly grouping the cells.
 K-maps can be used for expressions with 2, 3, 4,
and 5 variables.
 3 and 4 variables will be discussed to illustrate the
principles.
 The 3 Variable K-Map
 There are 8 cells as shown:

C
0 1
AB
00 ABC ABC
01 A BC A BC
11 ABC ABC
10 AB C AB C
 The 4-Variable K-Map

CD
00 01 11 10
AB
00 ABC D ABCD A B CD A B CD

01 A BC D A BC D A BCD A BCD

11 ABC D ABC D ABCD ABCD

10 AB C D AB C D AB CD AB CD
 Cell Adjacency

CD
00 01 11 10
AB
00
01
11
10
 K-Map SOP Minimization

The K-Map is used for simplifying Boolean

expressions to their minimal form.
A minimized SOP expression contains the
fewest possible terms with fewest possible
variables per term.
Generally, a minimum SOP expression can
be implemented with fewer logic gates than
a standard expression.
 Mapping a Standard SOP Expression
 For an SOP expression
C
in standard form: 0 1
 A 1 is placed on the K- AB
map for each product
term in the expression. 00 ABC ABC
 Each 1 is placed in a cell
corresponding to the 01 A BC A BC
value of a product term.
 Example: for the product 11 ABC ABC
term AB C , a 1 goes in the
101 cell on a 3-variable
map. 10 AB C AB1C
 Mapping a Standard SOP Expression
(full example)
The expression:
C
A B C  A B C  ABC  AB C 0 1
AB
000 001 110 100
00
1 1
01
Practice:
A B C  A BC  ABC  ABC
A BC  AB C  AB C 11 1
A B CD  A BC D  ABC D  ABCD  ABC D  A B C D  AB CD

10
1
 Mapping a Nonstandard SOP
Expression
A Boolean expression must be in standard
form before you use a K-map.
If one is not in standard form, it must be
converted.
You may use the procedure mentioned
earlier or use numerical expansion.
 Mapping a Nonstandard SOP
Expression
 Numerical Expansion of a Nonstandard product
term
 Assume that one of Athe
B product terms in a certain 3-variable
SOP expression is .
 It can be expanded numerically to standard form as follows:
 Step 1: Write the binary
C value of the two variables and attach a 0 for
the missing variable : 100.
 Step 2: Write the binary
C value of the two variables and attach a 1 for
the missing variable : 100.
 The two resulting binary numbers are the values of the
AB C AB C
standard SOP terms  and .
 If the assumption that one of the product term in a 3-
variable expression is B. How can we do this?
 Mapping a Nonstandard SOP
Expression
 Map the following SOP expressions on K-maps:

A  AB  ABC
BC  A C
B C  AB  ABC  AB CD  A B C D  AB CD
A  C D  ACD  A BCD
 K-Map Simplification of SOP
Expressions
After an SOP expression has been mapped,
we can do the process of minimization:
Grouping the 1s
Determining the minimum SOP expression from
the map
 Grouping the 1s

 You can group 1s on the K-map according

to the following rules by enclosing those
adjacent cells containing 1s.
 The goal is to maximize the size of the
groups and to minimize the number of
groups.
 Grouping the 1s (rules)
1. A group must contain either 1,2,4,8,or 16 cells
(depending on number of variables in the
expression)
2. Each cell in a group must be adjacent to one or
more cells in that same group, but all cells in the
group do not have to be adjacent to each other.
3. Always include the largest possible number of 1s
in a group in accordance with rule 1.
4. Each 1 on the map must be included in at least
one group. The 1s already in a group can be
included in another group as long as the
overlapping groups include noncommon 1s.
 Grouping the 1s (example)

C C
AB 0 1 0 1
AB

00 1 00 1 1
01 1 01 1
11 1 1 11 1
10 10 1 1
 Grouping the 1s (example)

CD CD
AB 00 01 11 10 AB 00 01 11 10

00 1 1 00 1 1

01 1 1 1 1 01 1 1 1

11 11 1 1 1

10 1 1 10 1 1 1
Determining the Minimum SOP
Expression from the Map
 The following rules are applied to find the
minimum product terms and the minimum
SOP expression:
1. Group the cells that have 1s. Each group of cell
containing 1s creates one product term composed
of all variables that occur in only one form (either
complemented or complemented) within the
group. Variables that occur both complemented
and uncomplemented within the group are
eliminated  called contradictory variables.
Determining the Minimum SOP
Expression from the Map
2. Determine the minimum product term for each
group.
 For a 3-variable map:
1. A 1-cell group yields a 3-variable product term
2. A 2-cell group yields a 2-variable product term
3. A 4-cell group yields a 1-variable product term
4. An 8-cell group yields a value of 1 for the expression.
 For a 4-variable map:
1. A 1-cell group yields a 4-variable product term
2. A 2-cell group yields a 3-variable product term
3. A 4-cell group yields a 2-variable product term
4. An 8-cell group yields a a 1-variable product term
5. A 16-cell group yields a value of 1 for the expression.
Determining the Minimum SOP
Expression from the Map
3. When all the minimum product terms are derived
from the K-map, they are summed to form the
minimum SOP expression.
 Determining the Minimum SOP
Expression from the Map (example)

CD
00 01 11 10 B  A C  AC D
AB
00 1 1 AC
01 1 1 1 1 B
11 1 1 1 1
AC D
10 1
Determining the Minimum SOP
Expression from the Map
(exercises)
C C
AB 0 1 0 1
AB

00 1 00 1 1
01 1 01 1
11 1 1 11 1
10 10 1 1

AB  BC  A B C B  A C  AC
 Determining the Minimum SOP
Expression from the Map (exercises)
CD CD
AB 00 01 11 10 AB 00 01 11 10

00 1 1 00 1 1

01 1 1 1 1 01 1 1 1

11 11 1 1 1

10 1 1 10 1 1 1
A B  A C  AB D D  AB C  BC
 Practicing K-Map (SOP)

AB C  A BC  A B C  A B C  AB C
B  AC

B C D  A BC D  ABC D  A B CD  AB CD 
A B CD  A BCD  ABCD  AB CD

D  BC
 Mapping Directly from a Truth
Table
I/P O/P
A B C X C
0 1
0 0 0 1 AB
0 0 1 0
00 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 01
1 0 0 1
11 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1
10 1
1 1 1 1
 “Don’t Care” Conditions
 Sometimes a situation arises in which some input
variable combinations are not allowed, i.e. BCD code:
 There are six invalid combinations: 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101,
1110, and 1111.
 Since these unallowed states will never occur in an
application involving the BCD code  they can be
treated as “don’t care” terms with respect to their
effect on the output.
 The “don’t care” terms can be used to advantage on
the K-map (how? see the next slide).
 “Don’t Care” Conditions
INPUTS O/P CD
A B C D Y 00 01 11 10
0 0 0 0 0 AB
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 00
01 1
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
11 x x x x
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
10 1 1 x x
1 0 0 1 1
Without “don’t care”
1 0 1 0 X
Y  AB C  A BCD
1 0 1 1 X
1 1 0 0 X
1 1 0 1 X With “don’t care”
Y  A  BCD
1 1 1 0 X
1 1 1 1 X
 K-Map POS Minimization

The approaches are much the same (as

SOP) except that with POS expression, 0s
representing the standard sum terms are
placed on the K-map instead of 1s.
 Mapping a Standard POS Expression
(full example)
The expression:
C
( A  B  C )( A  B  C )( A  B  C )( A  B  C ) 0 1
AB
000 010 110 101
00
0
01
0
11 0
10
0
 K-map Simplification of POS
Expression
( A  B  C )( A  B  C )( A  B  C )( A  B  C )( A  B  C )

C
0 1
AB A

00 0 0 A( B  C )

01 0
AB  AC
0
11 AC
0 1
B C
10 1 1 AB
 Rules of Boolean Algebra

1. A  0  A 7. A  A  A
2. A  1  1 8. A  A  0
3. A  0  0 9. A  A
4. A  1  A 10. A  AB  A
5. A  A  A 11 . A  A B  A  B
6. A  A  1 12.( A  B )( A  C )  A  BC
___________________________________________________________
A, B, and C can represent a single variable or a combination of variables. 
 Thank You.

15/05/2008 18:10:18 Academic excellence in ICT Education

65