Chapter 6

Internet, web & WWW

 Internet

Internet & WWW

⚫ In general sense we can say that internet is network of
networks ,an example of wide area
network(WAN).Means Internet is a global
network of billions of computers and other electronic
devices. With the Internet, it's possible to access
almost any information, communicate with anyone
else in the world, and do much more.
⚫ We can do all of this by connecting a computer to the
Internet, which is also called going online. When
someone says a computer is online, it's just another
way of saying it's connected to the Internet.
 Internet
Internet revolution
1969-70 – ARPANET sent text message using binary
encoding and decoding.
1971- First email using @ notation
1983 – TCP/IP protocol invented and DNS was created& WWW
1989 - Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist, invented the
World Wide Web (WWW)
1990 – Tim berner Lee created HTML,first static website
for CERN
1993 – Static website was made
public 1994 - Tim berner Lee
developed URL 1995 – Launching of
amazon.com
1997 – Launching of google and yahoo search
engine 2004 – Launching of facebook
2007 – Launching of twitter
2009 – Launching of
whatsapp
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork): In 1969, The US govt. formed
an agency named ARPANET to connect computers at various universities and defense
agencies. The main objective of ARPANET was to develop a network that could continue to
function efficiently even in the event of a nuclear attack.
ARPANET adopted TCP/IP on January 1, 1983, and from there researchers began to
assemble the “network of networks” that became the modern Internet. The online world
then took on a more recognizable form in 1990, when computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee
 Internet
How does Internet works
& WWW
Our computer or smartphone may be link to the internet using
phone line/Mobile ISP(Internet Service Provider).Our computer
may be part of LAN. Then LAN will be connected to ISP using a
high speed phone line like T1 line(1.5mbps).where as normal
phone line or modem typically handle 30000 t0 50000 bits per
second. ISPs then connect to larger ISP and the largest ISPs
maintain fiber optic backbones for an entire region. Backbones
around the world are connected through fiber optic lines, under
sea cables or satellite links. In this manner every computer on
internet is connected to every other computer on internet. So we
can say that it is a kind of WAN ,working with the help of various
networking devices and the protocols(spcially TCP/IP) to
forward data from source to destination devices without
constraints.
 Internet

Some Internet Applications & WWW

 WWW/Web
 Email
 Chat
 VoIP
 Internet

1. WWW /web -
& WWW
Many people think that the internet and the world wide web
(WWW) are the same thing. While they are closely linked, they
are very different systems.
The internet is a huge network of computers all connected
together. The world wide web (‘www’ or ‘web’ for short) is a
collection of webpages found on this network of computers. Our
web browser uses the internet to access the web.
The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging information between
computers on the Internet, tying them together into a vast
collection of interactive multimedia resources.
World Wide Web was created by Timothy Berners Lee in 1989 at
CERN in Geneva. World Wide Web came into existence as a
proposal by him, to allow researchers to work together effectively
and efficiently at CERN. Eventually it became World Wide Web.
 Internet

& WWW
The World Wide Web is a system of interlinked hypertext
documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser,
one can view web pages that may contain text, images,
videos and other multimedia and navigate between them via
hyperlinks.
It use a protocol called HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted,
and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in
response to various commands.
 Internet

& WWW
A Uniform Resource Locator, or URL is the address of a document we
find on the WWW.
The elements in a URL:
Protocol://server's
address/filename Example:
http://www.google.com/index.html
Types of website:
• Static
– A static website is one that has web pages stored on the server in the
format that is sent to a client web browser. It is primarily coded in
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
• Dynamic
– A dynamic website is one that changes or customizes itself frequently
and automatically,based on certain criteria.
 Internet

How does WWW works & WWW

–

Web is a two – tiered architecture.

⚫ A web browser display information contents
⚫ Web server that transfers information to the
client
 Internet
DNS –The Domain Name System, translates human readable domain
names (for example, www.python.mykvs.in) to machine readable IP
& WWW
addresses (for example, 182.156.84.26). ... DNS servers translate requests
for names into IP addresses.

Request python.mykvs.in
Response 182.156.84.26

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a
l

D
N
S

s
e
 Internet
URL –Uniform Resource Locator is defined as the global address
& WWW
of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web. The
URL is an address that sends users to a specific resource online,
such as a webpage, video or other document or resource.
e.g.

p
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t
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& WWW
2. Email - Short for electronic mail, e-mail or email is information
stored on a computer that is exchanged between two users over
telecommunications. It is a fast and efficient way to communicate
with friends or colleagues. we can communicate with one person
at a time or thousands; we can receive and send files and other
information.
Features of email
 Automatic/default reply to messages.
 auto-forward and redirection of messages.
 facility to send copies of a message to many people.
 automatic filing and retrieval of messages.
 addresses can be stored in an address book and
retrieved
instantly.
 notification if a message cannot be delivered.
 Internet

Basic email functions: & WWW

– send and receive mail messages
– save your messages in a file
– print mail messages
– reply to mail messages
– attach a file to a mail message
 Internet

Email address & WWW

someone@mail server
• The email address
has three parts:
– a user name
– an "at" sign (@)
– the address of the
user's mail server
•Example
[email protected]
User name mail server
separator
 Internet

Email Client & WWW

⚫ An email client is a computer program used to manage a
user's email.
⚫ Popular email clients include Microsoft Outlook,
Pegasus Mail, Mozilla's Thunderbird, and Apple Inc.'s
Mail.
 Internet

Web-based mail & WWW

 Is an e-mail service intended to be primarily accessed via a
web browser.
 Very popular webmail providers:–
 Gmail
 Yahoo!
 Hotmail
 Web mail is popular as it allows us to send or receive e-
mail from anywhere.
 Internet

& WWW
How Email works –Electronic mail is a facility that allows users to transmit
messages across the internet in fast and secure manner.

Email created using email client program->on press of send button ,it is
delivered to sender’s mail server through SMTP(Simple mail transfer protocol)-
>which further transmit the same through internet to recipient’s mail server-
>whenever recipient’s email client program’s inbox is opened,that email is
delivered to inbox through POP3 (post office protocols 3rd version)->which user
will read in email client program.
 Internet
SMTP – Most of the internet systems use SMTP as a method to transfer mail from one user to
& WWW
another. SMTP is a push protocol and is used to send the mail to email server. it is usually used with
one of two other protocols, POP3 or IMAP, that let the user save messages in a server mailbox and
download them periodically from the server.An alternative to SMTP that is widely used in Europe is
X.400. Many mail servers now support Extended Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (ESMTP), which
allows m ultimedia files to be delivered as e-mail.

The SMTP model is of two type :

• End-to- end method
• Store-and- forward method
The end to end model is used to communicate between different organizations whereas the store
and forward method is used within an organization.
 Internet
POP3 – Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is a
& WWW
standard mail protocol used to receive emails from a
remote server to a local email client. POP3 allows us to
download email messages on our local computer and
read them even when we are offline. Note, that when we
use POP3 to connect to our email account, messages are
downloaded locally and removed from the email server.
This means that if we access our account from multiple
locations, that may not be the best option for us. On the
other hand, if we use POP3, our messages are stored on
our local computer, which reduces the space of email
account uses on your web server.
 Internet
3. Chat – Chatting is the other method for Internet
& WWW
conversation.It enables people connected anywhere on
the Internet to join in live discussions.
Chat sessions allow many users to join in the same free -
form conversation, usually centered around a discussion
topic.
 Internet
Chatting Software Examples:
& WWW
MSN Messenger
Yahoo Messenger
IRC
Pidgin
 Internet
How chatting software
works
& WWW Clien
t1
message

:For each chat window a

session is created at
message
Clien
Chat
Server
chat
server to message send and t2 message

receive among the clients of

common Clien
t3 message
session works as a thread at
window.Each
chat server.There may be
Python.mykvs.in
multiple threads/chat session
at chat server.
 Internet
4. VOIP – Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that allows us to
& WWW
make voice calls using a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular (or analog)
phone line.
VoIP services convert our voice into a digital signal that travels over the Internet. If we are
calling a regular phone number, the signal is converted to a regular telephone signal
before it reaches the destination. VoIP can allow us to make a call directly from a
computer, a special VoIP phone. In addition, wireless "hot spots" in locations such as
airports, parks, and cafes allow us to connect to the Internet and may enable us to use
VoIP service wirelessly.
Advantages:
• Less Cost
• Accessibility
• Flexibility
• Voice Quality
• Extra/Less Expensive Features
Disadvantages:
• Reliable Internet Connection Required
• Power Outages/Emergencies
• Latency
 Internet
Who invented VoIP?
& WWW
• 1994: Two young Israeli computer scientists, Alon Cohen and Lior Haramaty,
invent an audio transmitter-receiver that can send and receive voice data in
real-time over the Internet.
• 1995: Cohen and Haramaty's company, VocalTec, develops the first Internet
telephone software (also known as a VoIP client).
• 1996: The first versions of the VoIP call-signalling standards H.323 and SIP
are published.
• 2002: The final version of SIP is published as international standard RFC
3261.
• 2003: Skype is launched.
• 2011: Microsoft buys Skype for $8.5 billion and its partner, Facebook,
announces that it will incorporate Skype video calls into chats between
Facebook friends. Skype announces 663 million registered users.
• 2014: WhatsApp, the popular mobile messenger, announces a new version
incorporating VoIP voice calling.
• 2016: Skype announces that its mobile apps have been downloaded one
billion times.
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& WWW
Services provided by VOIP – Phone to phone,pc to phone
,phone to pc,voice to email,ip phone,toll free number,call
applications,vpn,unified messaging etc. center
Protocols used for VOIP are
• Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)- connection management
protocol developed by the IETF
• H.323 - one of the first VoIP call signaling and control protocols that found
widespread implementation.
• Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP)- transport protocol for real-time audio
and video data
• Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP)- sister protocol for
RTP
providing stream statistics and status information
• Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) - encrypted version of RTP
• Session Description Protocol (SDP) - file format used principally by SIP to
describe VoIP connections
 Internet

How VoIP Works... & WWW

Once you initiate a VoIP call the following three scenarios takes place:
1. when we make a phone call - our voice signals are converted to digital
packets
2.those packets travel via the Internet until they reach the final
destination (called party)
3. at last the packets convert back to voice signals
During the above scenarios #2 and #3 here is what happens:
the originated call travels via the Internet to your provider's server /
switch
our VoIP provider receives the call and bypasses it to a terminator i.e
another provider often a LEC (Local Exchange Carrier) at destination
the terminator receives the call and delivers it to our desired number
All the above happen at a twinkle-of-eye time speed that we don't even
realize.
 Internet

& WWW
How VoIP Works... PC to PC CALL
 Internet

& WWW
How VoIP Works... PC to MOBILE CALL
 Internet

& WWW
Common examples of VoIP apps:
 Nextiva
 Aircall
 Zoiper
 Skype
 WhatsApp
 Google Hangouts
 Viber
 Facebook Messenger