Presented by:

Qadiruddin Sufi Sameen Ejaz Tooba Farrukh

Sampling terminology Sampling concepts Random vs. non random sampling Types of systematic errors Types of probability & non probability samples Appropriate sample design

SAMPLING The process of using a small number of items or parts of a larger population to make conclusion about the whole population.
SAMPLE A subset or some part of a larger population. POPULATION(UNIVERSE) A complete group of entities sharing some common set of characteristics.

POPULATION ELEMENT An individual member of a specific population. CENSUS An investigation of all the individual elements making up a population.

PRAGMATIC REASON

Sampling cuts costs, reduces labor requirements and gather vital information quickly.

ACCURATE AND RELIABLE RESULTS

If properly selected are sufficiently and accurate in most cases. If the elements of a population are quite similar only a small sample is necessary to accurately portray the characteristics of interest.

DESTRUCTION OF TEST UNITS

If there is a finite population and everyone in the population participates in the research and cannot be replaced, no population element remain to be selected as sampling units. The test units have been destroyed.

Researchers must make several decisions before a sample is taken.

Plan procedure for selecting sample units Determine sample size Select actual sampling units Conduct fieldwork

TARGET POPULATION specific, complete group relevant to the research project. The question To whom do we want to talk?must be answered .It may be users, on users ,recently hired employees ,doctors. To implement the sample in the field, tangible characteristics should be used to define the population.

SAMPLING FRAME The list of elements from which a sample may be drawn, also called working population. The sampling frame is also called working population because it provides the list that can be worked with operationally.

MAILING LISTS A list of the names, addresses and phone numbers of specific populations.

REVERSE DIRECTORY A directory similar to a telephone directory in which listings are by city and street address or by telephone numbers rather than alphabetical by last name. SAMPLING FRAME ERROR Error that occurs when certain sample elements are not listed or available and are not represent in the sampling frame.

SMAPLING UNITS A single element or group of elements subject to selection in the sample PRIMARY SAMPLING UNIT(PSU) A unit selected in the first stage of sampling. SECONDARY SAMPLING UNIT A unit selected in the second stage of sampling

Statistical fluctuation that occurs because of chance variation in the elements selected for a sample is called random sampling error

Sampling error

Sample

Sampling error

Sample

Population

Population

Errors resulting primarily from some imperfect aspect of research design or from a mistake in the execution of research

Random sampling error, systematic error combine to give less than perfectly representative sample. Systematic error i. Sampling frame error ii. Non response error

Non response error Statistical difference between a survey that included only those who responded and a survey that includes also those who failed to respond

Actual sample is drawn from a population different from the ideal.

Total Population

Sampling frame

Planned Sample

Actual Sample

Sampling frame error

Random sampling error

Non response error

Every element in population has known probability Each has non zero probability Mostly preferred over non probability sampling

Probability is not known Each element chosen on basis of convenience or judgment Best for research purposes

Convenience sampling

Judgment sampling Experienced individual selects the sample based upon some appropriate characteristic of the sample members

Quota sampling Ensures that certain characteristics of a population sample will be represented to the exact extent that the investigator desires.

Sample showing different student categories

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Snowball sampling Technique used to locate members of rare population by referrals

Chance based selection procedure

Probability Sampling techniques:

This assures that each element in the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample

Systematic Sampling


A procedure in which an initial starting point is selected by random process and then selects item at a pre-selected interval

A sub-sample is drawn utilizing simple random sampling within each stratum; more or less equal on some characteristics
 Proportional stratified sample

Number of sample in each stratum is in proportion to the population size at that stratum
 Disproportional stratified

sample Sample size for each stratum is allocated according to the analytical considerations

The primary sampling unit is not the individual element in the population but a large cluster of elements Area Sampling where the primary sampling unit is a geographic area

Multistage Sampling


Sampling that involves using a combination of other probability sampling techniques

     

Degree of Accuracy Resources Time Advanced knowledge National versus Local Project Need for Statistical Analysis

   

Web Site Visitors Panel Sampling Recruited Ad Hoc samples Opt-In Lists

 1. 2. 3. 4.

AN investigation of all the individual elements making up a population is called Sample Census Population element Sampling unit

 1. 2. 3. 4.

The list of elements from which a sample may be drawn called Target population Sample size Sample frame Random Sampling

1. 2. 3. 4.

Which type of non probability sampling technique has more likelihood of having a self selection bias Convenience Judgment Quota snowball

 1. 2. 3. 4.

What are the two types of systematic errors we have covered Sampling frame and sample bias Sampling frame and non response error Non response and non sampling error Sampling frame and response bias