Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering(GATE)

• What after GATE:

Pursue Post Graduation:
The most common option after qualifying GATE is to pursue M.E/M.Tech/Phd in NITs, IIITs,
IITs and CFTIs. Selection of the candidates in any institute is done on the basis of their GATE
scores. Candidates should also know which is the right institute, course, specialization for them.

PSU Recruitment
After 2012, many PSUs have started recruiting GATE qualified candidates on the basis of their
scores. Getting recruited by these PSUs can give a new direction to the career path of the
candidates. In 2020, PSUs like ONGC, Power Grid, NTPC, IOCL, BHEL, DRDO announced
direct recruitment of candidates on the basis of GATE scores. Many candidates appear for GATE
for PSU recruitment only because these PSUs not only offer high packages to the candidates but
also provide job security and other perks. Starting package of candidates recruited in these PSUs in
7 lakh to 11 lakh per annum.
https://engineering.careers360.com/articles/gate-qualified-multiple-options-for-you
Signals and Systems 1
 GATE EXAM PATTERN

Particulars Details

Exam Duration 3 hours (180 minutes)

Numberof Questions 65

Total Marks 100

Questions Type There will be two question types:

 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
 Numerical Answer Type (NAT) Questions

Number of sections Will comprise of total 3 sections except for AR, CY, GG, EY, XL, PH and MA papers :
General Aptitude Engineering Mathematics (for XL papers it is Chemistry) Subject – Specific section

General Aptitude Will consist of a compulsory General Aptitude (GA) section constituting of 10 questions. 5 of the questions among
Section 10 will carry 1 mark and the rest 5 will carry 2 marks each. Total marks - 15.

Marking Scheme Two types of MCQs:

 MCQs - 1 mark for each correct answer; 1/3 mark will be deducted every wrong answer.
 MCQs - 2 marks for each correct answer; 2/3 mark will be deducted for every incorrect response. There is no
negative marking for Numerical Answer Type (NAT) questions
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 GATE-Course Wise Weightage for ECE 2020

Electronic Devices and

Circuits

Digital Electronics and

Logic Design

Signals and Systems

Random Variables and

Stochastic Processes

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Signals and Systems
 Course Outcomes
At the end of the Course, Student will be able to:
CO 1 :Apply the knowledge of linear algebra topics like vector space,
dot product and orthogonal basis to signals.
CO 2 :Analyze the spectral characteristics of continuous-time
periodic and aperiodic signals using Fourier analysis..
CO 3 :Apply convolution and correlation for signal generation and
signal extraction.
CO 4 :Classify the systems based on their properties and determine
the response of LTI Systems.
CO 5 :Apply Laplace and Z-transform techniques for the analysis of
continuous-time and discrete-time signals and Systems.
CO 6 :Utilize the concept of sampling theorem in communication
systems.Signals and Systems 5
 Course Contents

UNIT I : Introduction to Signals and Signal Analysis

UNIT II : Fourier Series & Fourier Transform
UNIT III: Convolution and Correlation
UNIT IV: Signal Transmission Through LTI Systems and Noise
UNIT V : Laplace & Z-Transforms and Sampling

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 Prerequisite

Transform
Techniques

Signals &
Systems

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 Text Books
1. Signals and Systems – A. Anand Kumar, PHI, 4th Edition, 2017.

2. Signals, Systems & Communications - B.P. Lahti, BS

Publications, 2003

3. Signals and Systems - A.V. Oppenheim, A.S. Willsky, and S.H.

Nawab, PHI, 2nd Edition, 1997.

Signals and Systems 8

Introduction
(UNIT-I)
 Contents
Classification of Signals,
Different deterministic signals: impulse, step, ramp, gate,
signum, sinc, sinusoidal, exponential, complex exponential,
operations on signals.

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• SIGNAL:
• A signal is a function of one or more variables that conveys information
about some (usually physical) phenomenon.
(or)
• A signal is a physical quantity that varies with time, or space or any other
independent variable or variables. It possesses uncertainty (digital) or
randomness (analog) and should have a band width.

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Signals vary with time Signals vary with space
Ex: Speech signal Ex: Electromagnetic field within a room
No functional relationship to
describe the signal

Signals vary with dimensions

Ex: The RGB value of an image

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• Signals can be classified based on the
number of independent variables with
which they are associated.
• If a signal is a function of only one Speech Signal
variable, then it is known as one
dimensional (1D) signal.
Examples
1. Human speech,
2. AC power signal,
3. Electrocardiogram
AC Power supply ECG

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• Similarly, if a signal is a function of Picture
two or more variables is said to be
multidimensional.. if a signal is a
function two variables is said to be two
dimensional.
• Examples.
1.Pictures,
2.X-Ray images
3.Sonograms.

X-Ray Sonogram

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• Moving picture as an example of a • Signal modeling :
continuous three dimensional signal • The representation of a signal by mathematical
expression is known as signal modeling.

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 Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals

• A signal can also be classified on the basis

of whether it is a function of continuous or
discrete variables.
• Continuous-Time Signal
A signal that is a function of continuous
variables (e.g., a real variable) is said to be
continuous time.
(or)
Continuous time signals are defined for
every value of time t and is represented by
x(t).A continuous time signal is also called an
analog signal. Most of the signals encountered
in practice are continuous –time signals.
•  
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 Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals
Discrete-Time Signals The discrete time signal can be denoted by
• Similarly, a signal that is a function of
discrete variables (e.g., an integer variable)
is said to be discrete time. • where Ts is called sampling period and n is an integer
(or) ranging from -∞ to ∞
• The discrete time signals are defined at
discrete instant of time and is represented
by x[n]. • x[n] is sampled version of continuous time signal x(t)

Sampling

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Differences between CT,DT and Digital Signals
Continuous Time Signal(Analog)
Amplitude is Continuous & Time is also Continuous

Discrete Time Signal

Amplitude is Continuous & Time is Discrete

Digital Signal
Amplitude is Discrete & Time is also Discrete

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 Processing
Processing: To perform Processing
operations on data (analog or
digital) according to the
programmed instructions.
Analog Digital
Signal processing Signal processing

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 Examples

•Advantages
•Accuracy
•Flexibility •Disadvantages
•Easy operation •System complexity
•Multiplexing • Cost
•Storable
•Adaptability
•Perfect reproducibility
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 Contents
Signals:
Different deterministic signals: impulse, step, ramp, gate,
signum, sinc, sinusoidal, exponential, complex exponential,
Classification of Signals, operations on signals.

10/17/22 Signals and Systems

 Basic signals or Elementary Signals or Standard signals
Serve as building blocks for the construction of more complex signals.
Can be used to model many physical signals that occur in nature.

1. Unit Impulse function 9. Sinc function

2. Unit step function 10.Sampling function
3. Unit Ramp function 11.Rectangular signal
4. Unit parabolic function 12.Triangular signal
5. sinusoidal signal 13.Gaussian function
6. Real exponential signal
7. Complex exponential
8. Signum function

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 1.Impulse function
• i) Impulse signal: i) Unit impulse signal:
It is represented with and is It is represented with and is defined
defined as as

(1)Says that impulse is zero every where except at origin.

(2) Says total area under the unit impulse is unity.
(3) Also called as Dirac delta function.
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 Properties of CT Impulse Function
1.It is an even function of time i.e. =

2.Shifting Property

3.Scaling Property

4.Product Property

5.

6.Differentation Property
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Discrete Time Unit Impulse Signal

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 Aditya Engineering College (A)

Problems
1. 1.Solution

2.Solution
2.

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 Problems
Procedure:
1.Define the Impulse signal
How to define the impulse signal? Solution:
 Equate within the brackets value to zero Defined at t-10=0. i.e t=10
 Check whether that ‘t’ value with in the range
or not
 if ‘t’ value with in the range go to step no.2
otherwise No common area ie Answer is Zero

2.Substitute t value in the integration

3. Simplify the integration Using below formula 2.Substitute t=10 in the integration

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 Problems

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 Problems

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 2.Unit step function u(t)
u(t): is usually employed to switch other signals ON or OFF

u(t) at t = 0 is discontinuous,
u(0) = (1/2).

An example of unit step function is the output of 1V dc voltage source in series

with a switch that is turned on at t = 0

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 Shifted Signal

u
Delayed Signal

Advanced Signal
Note: 1.Same Polarity : Advanced Signal
2.Different Polarity : Delayed Signal
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 Discrete time Unit step Sequence u(n)

Relation between Step and Impulse sequences

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 3.Unit Ramp Function

r(t)=t u(t)
An example of a ramp function is the linear - sweep waveform of a
cathode - ray tube.

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 Discrete Unit Ramp Sequence

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 4.Unit Parabolic Function

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 Unit Parabolic Sequence

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Relation between Impulse and step functions

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 Relation between step and ramp functions

The unit step signal can be obtained by differentiating unit ramp

signal.

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Relation between step, ramp and parabolic
functions

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 5.Sinusoidal signal

Sinusoidal signal is in the form of x(t) = x(t)=A Sin(w0t+Ø)

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 Discrete sinusoidal signal

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 6.Real Exponential signal

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Signals and Systems 10/17/22
Signals and Systems 10/17/22
 7.Complex Exponential

The complex exponential signal has a general form as

x(t)=Aest where s = Ϭ+jω

x(t)=Aest =Ae (σ+jω)t =A e σt e jωt

=
A e σt [cosωt + jsinωt)

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 8.Signum function

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Relation between Signum and Step
functions

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 9.Sinc function

It is denoted as sinc(t) and it is defined as

=0 for t=±1,±2,±3...

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 10.Sampling Function

It is denoted as sa(t) and it is defined as

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 11.Rectangular Signal or Gate signal

π πT

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 Relation between Step and Rectangular
functions
π

π=u(t+1/2)-u(t-1/2)

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 12.Triangular Signal

Let it be denoted as x(t)

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 13.Gaussian function

The Gaussian function ga(t) is defined as

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 Previously Asked External Exam questions

1.Define and Sketch the following:

a)Truncated Exponential
b)Delayed Unit Impulse
c)Double sided Exponential

2.Define and sketch unit step and signum function bring out the relation between these
two.

3.How Step function is expressed in terms of Impulse

4.How Impulse function is expressed in terms of Step function

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 THANK YOU

Signals and Systems 55