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    Radioactive Isotopes

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    Sravan kumar Bairu
    This document discusses radioactive isotopes and their clinical applications. It defines isotopes and radioactivity, including units of measurement like curies and half-life. Radioactive isotopes are used to treat cancer and detect issues in the thyroid, bones, and kidneys. Radiation can directly damage DNA in cancer cells or indirectly damage blood supply. Precautions like shielding, distancing, and minimizing exposure time are needed when working with radioactive materials due to biological effects like damage to skin, mucous membranes, and blood cells.

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    Radioactive Isotopes

    Uploaded by

    Sravan kumar Bairu
    62 views9 pages
    This document discusses radioactive isotopes and their clinical applications. It defines isotopes and radioactivity, including units of measurement like curies and half-life. Radioactive isotopes are used to treat cancer and detect issues in the thyroid, bones, and kidneys. Radiation can directly damage DNA in cancer cells or indirectly damage blood supply. Precautions like shielding, distancing, and minimizing exposure time are needed when working with radioactive materials due to biological effects like damage to skin, mucous membranes, and blood cells.

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    This document discusses radioactive isotopes and their clinical applications. It defines isotopes and radioactivity, including units of measurement like curies and half-life. Radioactive isotopes are used to treat cancer and detect issues in the thyroid, bones, and kidneys. Radiation can directly damage DNA in cancer cells or indirectly damage blood supply. Precautions like shielding, distancing, and minimizing exposure time are needed when working with radioactive materials due to biological effects like damage to skin, mucous membranes, and blood cells.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    62 views9 pages

    Radioactive Isotopes

    Uploaded by

    Sravan kumar Bairu
    This document discusses radioactive isotopes and their clinical applications. It defines isotopes and radioactivity, including units of measurement like curies and half-life. Radioactive isotopes are used to treat cancer and detect issues in the thyroid, bones, and kidneys. Radiation can directly damage DNA in cancer cells or indirectly damage blood supply. Precautions like shielding, distancing, and minimizing exposure time are needed when working with radioactive materials due to biological effects like damage to skin, mucous membranes, and blood cells.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES

    Objectives:
     Introduction
     Definition
     Clinical Applications
     Biological effects of radiations
     Precautions
    Introduction:
     Lord Ernest Rutherford (Nobel prize, 1908) put forward the nuclear
    theory of atom.
     Proton carries one positive charge
     Neutron carries no net charge. It has the same mass as that of
    proton. Protons and neutrons together constitute the nucleus of
    atoms.
     Electron is generally abbreviated as e and revolves around the
    nucleus.
     Valency: Electrons are taking part in all chemical reactions. The
    electrons revolve around the nucleus at different energy levels or in
    shells.
    Definition:
    1. ISOTOPES: Isotopes are the elements having the same atomic
    number (protons) but different mass number (varying number of
    neutrons).
    2. RADIOACTIVITY: The spontaneous degradation of nucleus and
    transmutation of one element to another with consequent emission
    of rays or particles is known as radioactivity.
    3. Curie (Ci): One Curie, abbreviated as Ci, is equivalent to 3.7 ×
    1010 disintegrations per second (dps).
    4. Becqueral (Bq): Becqueral (Bq) is defined as decay per second,
    (dps). 1 Bq = 1 dps. It is often expressed as kilobecquerals (kBq).
    5. Half-life: The half-life is the time taken for a radioactive isotope to
    become half of its original activity.
    Clinical Applications:
     Radioactivity is used for treatment of cancer.
     131I are used to detect functional derangements of thyroid gland.
     Twenty-four hours after administering the dose of 131I
    intravenously, the patient is placed under the scanner, which detects
    the radioactive emissions from the neck region.
     Bone scanning: 90Sr (radioactive strontium) is employed.
    Osteoblastoma (cancer arising from bone forming cells) could be
    detected very early by this method
     Kidney scanning is done by injecting 131I-labeled hippuran
    Biological effects of radiations:
     Direct Effects on Cancer Tissues:
     The radiation damages DNA molecules.
     But the damage is observed during the next mitosis. Since new DNA
    cannot be synthesized, cells die at the attempt of the next division.
     Indirect Effects on Cancer Tissues:
     Damage to local blood supply cuts off the nutrition and causes local
    necrosis and cell death.
     Effects on Skin:
     Sweat glands may be permanently damaged.
     There may be erythema and sometimes blisters. This is called acute
    radiodermatitis.
     Chronic radio dermatitis is seen after a few months of radiotherapy.
    There will be atrophy of skin, hypopigmentation, fibrosis, loss of
    elasticity
     Effects on Mucous Membrane:
     The gastrointestinal mucosa is very sensitive to radiation.
     These include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and in severe cases
    ulceration and bleeding.
     Effects on Blood Cells:
     Bone marrow and lymphoid tissues are highly radiosensitive
    because of the higher rate of cell division in these organs.
     Effects on Reproductive Organs:
     Gonads (ovary and testis) are highly radiosensitive. Complete
    sterility is effected at 1000 rads.
    Radiation Monitoring and Precautions:
     Doctors, nurses, radiographers and research workers using the
    radioactive substances should wear a badge containing a piece of
    film.
    1. Keep the source farther away.
    2. Shield the radioactive sources; cover them with lead bricks.
    3. Handling is done by remote devices. Use lead-rubber gloves and
    aprons.
    4. Radioactive materials are to be handled with speed. The shorter
    the time spent near the source, the lower the dose received

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