Flow control

refers to a set of procedures used to restrict the amount of data that

the sender can send before waiting for acknowledgment.

Error control
in the data link layer is based on automatic repeat request, which
is the retransmission of data
1
 Line discipline
 It determines which device can send and when it
can send.
 It oversees the establishment of links and the right
of a particular device to transmit at a given time.

2
Enquiry / Acknowledgment
ENQ/ACK

3
ENQ/ACK
It is used in systems where there is no question of the
wrong receiver getting the transmission
 i.e. when there is a dedicated link between two
devices so that the only device capable of receiving
data is the intended one.

The initiator sends ENQ

The receiver sends ACK The receiver sends NAK No response

Send data till EOT Repeat three times Repeat three times
Disconnect
and start again at
Disconnect Disconnect
another time

4
ENQ/ACK

5
 Poll / Select
 It works with topologies where one device is
designated as a primary station and the other
devices are secondary stations and all are using a
single transmission line.
 All data communication must be made through the
primary device
 If the primary wants to receive data, it asks the
secondaries if they have anything to send; this
function is called polling.
 If the primary wants to send data, it tells the
target secondary to get ready to receive; this function
is called selecting
6
Multipoint Discipline

7
 Addresses
 We need addressing for multipoint transmission.
 Each secondary device has an address that
differentiates it from the others.
 If the transmission comes from the primary
device, The address indicates the recipient of
the data.
 If the transmission comes from a secondary
device, the address indicates the originator of
the data.

8
 Poll
 It is used by the primary device to solicit
transmissions from the secondary devices.
 There are two possibilities for terminating the exchange
 The secondary sends all its data and sends (EOT) frame
 The primary “Time’s up”

9
 Select
 It is used whenever the primary device has
something to send.
 Any frame on the link is available to every device.
 When a device recognizes its own address, it
opens the frame and reads the data.

10
 Flow control

 It coordinates the amount of data that can be sent before

receiving acknowledgment.
 It provides the receiver’s acknowledgment of frames
received corrupted.

11
Stop and Wait

12
 Sliding Window

Sender Sliding
Window

Receiver Sliding Window

13
Sliding Window Example

14
Error Control

15
 Normal operation

In Stop-and-Wait ARQ, numbering frames prevents the

retaining of duplicate frames.

16
Stop-and-Wait ARQ, lost frame

17
Stop-and-Wait ARQ, lost ACK frame

18
Damaged Frame

19
Damaged Frame

20
Lost Frame

21
Figure 10-21
Lost ACK

22
WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998
Figure 10-22
Selective Reject

23
WCB/McGraw-Hill  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998
 Data Link Protocols
 Is a set of specifications used to implement the
data link layer
 Data link protocols differ by message delineation,
frame length, and frame field structure.
 Another fundamental difference is between
asynchronous and synchronous transmission data
link protocols.

24
 Asynchronous Protocols

 In asynchronous transmission (sometimes called start-stop

transmission),
each character is sent independently.
 The transmission sequence begins with
 a start bit
 next the character is sent
 then the parity bit
 and finally a stop bit are sent.
 The start bit is usually a 0 and the stop bit a 1.
 Between transmissions (called “idle time”), a series of stop bits
are sent.
 When a new character is sent, the start bit is used by the receiver
for synchronization.
25
 Asynchronous Protocols

 Protocols that belong to asynchronous protocols

 XMODEM
 YMODEM
 ZMODEM
 BLAST
 Kermit

26
 Synchronous Protocols

 In synchronous transmission
 data is sent in a large block called a frame

 Synchronous transmission is used on both

 point-to-point
 multipoint circuits
 In multipoint circuits, addressing information needs to be
included in the frame.
 Synchronous packets sometimes begin and end with a
series of synchronization (SYN) characters that are used to
help the receiver recognize incoming data.

27
 Synchronous Protocols

 Synchronous transmission protocols can be:

 character-oriented:
 Also known as byte-oriented protocols
 Interpret a transmission frame as a succession of
characters
 bit-oriented:
 Interpret a transmission frame as a succession of
individual bits
 Control information in a bit-oriented protocol can be one
or multiple bits depending on the information embodied
in the pattern
28
Bit-oriented protocols

29
 HDLC : High-level Data Link Control

It is a bit-oriented data link protocol

Designed to support both half duplex and full duplex
communication over point-to-point and multipoint links.
It implements the ARQ mechanisms.
The HDLC protocol embeds information in a data frame
that allows devices to control data flow and correct errors

30
 HDLC : High-level Data Link Control
 In 1979, the ISO made HDLC the standard as
a Bit-oriented control protocol
 The HDLC provides a transparent
transmission ‫اف‬( ‫ ّف‬E ‫ )ش‬service at the data link
layer of the OSI
 The users of the HDLC service provides
PDUs which are encapsulated to form data
link layer frames. These frames are
separated by HDLC "flags" and are modified
by "zero bit insertion" to guarantee
transparency
31
 HDLC : High-level Data Link Control
 Each piece of data is encapsulated in an HDLC
frame by adding a trailer and a header.
 The header contains an HDLC address and an
HDLC control field.
 The trailer is found at the end of the frame, and
contains a (CRC) which detects any errors which
may occur during transmission.
 The frames are separated by HDLC flag
sequences which are transmitted between each
frame and whenever there is no data to be
transmitted.
32
HDLC frame types

33
 HDLC Frame Fields
Flag field
 is 8 bits of a fixed pattern (0111 1110).
 There is one flag at the beginning and one at the end frame.
 The ending flag of one Frame can be used as the beginning flag of
the next frame.
 To guarantee that the flag does not appear anywhere else in the
frame
 HDLC uses a process called Bit Stuffing.
 Every time a sender wants to transmit a bit sequence having more
than 6 consecutive 1’s, it inserts 1 redundant 0 after the 5th 1
Exceptions:
 When the bit sequence is really a flag.

 when transmission is being aborted.

 when the channel is being put into idle.

34
 Bit Stuffing
 the process of adding one extra zero whenever there
are 5 consecutive 1’s in the data, so that the receiver
doesn’t mistake the data for a flag.

A frame before bit stuffing:

01111110 01111100 101101111 110010

After
011111010 011111000 101101111 1010010

35
 How does the receiver identify a stuffed bit?

 Receiver reads incoming bits and counts 1’s.

 When number of consecutive 1s after a zero is 5,
it checks the next bit (7th bit).
 If 7th bit = zero  receiver recognizes it as a
stuffed bit, discard it and resets the counter.
 If the 7th bit = 1  then the receiver checks the 8th
bit; If the 8th bit = 0, the sequence is recognized
as a flag.

01111010 011111000 101101111 1010010

36
How does the receiver identify a stuffed bit?

37
 Address field
 Address field is one byte or more
 If the address is more than one byte, all bytes
will end with 0,except the last one

38
HDLC Control Field

39
 Control Field
 all three types contain a bit called (Poll/Final) P/F bit
I-Frame
 N(S) : sequence # of the sent frame
 N(R) : sequence # of frame expected in return
  N(R) is ACK field
 If last frame received is error free
N(R) number will be the next frame in sequence
 If the frame was not received correctly
 N( R) number will be the number of damaged frame indicating
the need for retransmission

40
I frame

41
 Poll/Final

 P/F = 1 POLL or Final

 Pollif frame is sent by the primary
 Final if frame is sent by the secondary

42
Information Field

43
 Information Field

 Contains user data in I-frame and network

management information in a U-frame.
 It is possible to include flow and error control
information in an I-frame that also contains data.
 In 2-way exchange of data (1/2 or full-duplex), the
2nd station can ACK receipt of data from the 1st
station in the control field of its own data frame
rather than sending a separate frame just for ACK.
 Combining data to be sent & ACK of the frame
received in one single frame is called
PIGGYBACKING.
44
HDLC FCS Field

45
S-frame control field in HDLC

46
47
 Receive Ready (RR)
 Positive ACK of a received I- frame
 Receive Not Ready (RNR)
 Is RR frame with additional duties
 It Ack the receipt of a frame and announces that
the receiver is busy
 Reject (REJ)
 Thisis a NAK frame that can be used in Go-
back-n
 Selective reject (SREJ)
 This is a NAK frame used in Selective Repeat ARQ
48
 Example
 The figure shows an exchange using piggybacking
where is no error
 Station A begins the exchange of information
with an I-frame numbered 0 followed by another
I-frame numbered 1.
 Station B piggybacks its acknowledgment of
both frames onto an I-frame of its own.
 Station B’s first I-frame is also numbered 0 [N(S)
field] and contains a 2 in its N(R) field,
acknowledging the receipt of A’s frames 1 and 0
and indicating that it expects frame 2 to arrive
next.
 Station B transmits its second and third I-frames
(numbered 1 and 2) before accepting further
frames from station A.
 Its N(R) information, therefore, has not changed:
B frames 1 and 2 indicate that station B is still
expecting A frame 2 to arrive next.
49
 Example
 In the previous Example,
suppose frame 1 sent from
station B to station A has an
error.
 Station A informs station B to
resend frames 1 and 2 (the
system is using the Go-Back-N
mechanism)
 Station A sends a reject
supervisory frame to announce
the error in frame 1

50
 Polling Example
asking the secondary if it has anything to send

51
 Selecting Example
A primary wishes to send data to
secondary

52
U-frame control field in HDLC

53
 Table 11.1 U-frame control command and response

Command/response Meaning
SNRM Set normal response mode
SNRME Set normal response mode (extended)– control field 2 bytes
SABM Set asynchronous balanced mode
SABME Set asynchronous balanced mode (extended)
UP Unnumbered poll
UI Unnumbered information
UA Unnumbered acknowledgment
RD Request disconnect
DISC Disconnect
DM Disconnect mode
RIM Request information mode
SIM Set initialization mode
RSET Reset
XID Exchange ID
FRMR Frame reject
54
 U-frame Mode setting
 Mode-setting commands sent by the primary or
combined station wishing to control an exchange
 If a combined station wishes to establish a
temporary primary-to-secondary relationship with
another station it sends a U-frame containing code
00-001 (Normal Response Mode)

55
 U-frame Disconnection
 There three disconnection codes
 One command from acting primary or combined station
 disconnection (DISC 00 010) is sent by the 1 st station to the 2nd

station to terminate the connection

 Two responses from the receiving station
 request disconnect (RD 00 010) is a request by the 2 nd station to

the 1st that a DISC be issued.

 disconnect mode (DM 11 000) is transmitted by the addressed

station as a negative response to mode-setting command

56
 Peer-to-Peer Example
Set asynchronous balanced mode

57
Continued Peer-to-Peer Example

58
 Example
The following HDLC frame is sent from the secondary to primary
(0111 1110 00001111 10001011 FCS 0111 1110)
 
0111 1110 00001111 10001011 0111 1110
FCS
Flag Address Control Flag

a) What is the address of the secondary?

Answer: Address = 0000111 = 7
since Last bit of the address ends is 1 this byte is last one in address field
Note:  If the address is more than one byte, all bytes will end with 0, except the last one.

b) What is the type of the frame?  

Answer: 10 in control field indicates, that this is a supervisory  S-Frame
c) What is the sender sequence ?
Answer : N/A since this is an S-frame, the 1st two bits are 10  S-Frame

d) What is ACK # ? 011 = 3

e) Does the frame carry user data ? No
f) Does the frame carry management data? No, only the U-frame carry management data.
59
 Question
The following HDLC frame is sent from the secondary to primary
(0111 1110 00000111 10101011 FCS 0111 1110)
 
0111 1110 0000 0111 1010 1011 0111 1110
FCS
Flag Address Control Flag

a) What is the address of the secondary? 0000 011 = 3

since Last bit of the address ends is 1 this byte is last one in address field
Note:  If the address is more than one byte, all bytes will end with 0, except the last one.

b) What is the type of the frame?   10 in control field indicates, that this is a supervisory  S-Frame
c) What is the sender sequence ? N/A since this is an S-frame, the 1st 2 bits are 10  S-Frame

d) What is ACK # ? 011 = 3

e) Does the frame carry user data ? No
f) Does the frame carry management data? No, only the U-frame carry management data.
g) What is the purpose of the frame? code = 10  receive not ready  Negative response to
select
60
Example

The following HDLC frame is sent from the secondary to primary

0111 1110 0000 0111 00101011 00111110010111100100001011 0111 1110

FCS
Flag Address Control information Flag
a) What is the address of the secondary? Address = 0000 011 = 3
since Last bit of the address ends is 1this byte is last one in address field

b) What is the type of the frame?  0 in control field indicates, I-Frame

c) What is the sender sequence ? the 1st bit is zero  I-Frame N( S)= 010 = 2

d) What is ACK # ? 011 = 3

e) Does the frame carry user data ? 001111101011110010100001011
f) Does the frame carry management data?
No, only the U-frame carry management data.
61