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Machine Learning

Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence that allows computer systems to automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed. There are several types of machine learning algorithms, including supervised learning (using labeled training data), unsupervised learning (finding patterns in unlabeled data), and reinforcement learning (taking actions to maximize rewards). Feature learning aims to transform input data into a better representation for tasks like classification, while genetic algorithms mimic natural selection to find good solutions to problems. Machine learning is widely used today but also presents security and ethical challenges as the technology continues to develop and impact various fields.

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51 views

Machine Learning

Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence that allows computer systems to automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed. There are several types of machine learning algorithms, including supervised learning (using labeled training data), unsupervised learning (finding patterns in unlabeled data), and reinforcement learning (taking actions to maximize rewards). Feature learning aims to transform input data into a better representation for tasks like classification, while genetic algorithms mimic natural selection to find good solutions to problems. Machine learning is widely used today but also presents security and ethical challenges as the technology continues to develop and impact various fields.

Uploaded by

Shaon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Machine Learning

Prepared by Md. Kaium


182248-139
Dissociations Points
• What is Machine learning?
• Types of learning algorithms.
• Feature learning
• Genetic algorithms
What is Machine learning?

Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI) that


provides systems the ability to automatically learn and improve from
experience without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning focuses
on the development of computer programs that can access data and use it
learn for themselves.
Types of learning algorithms.

• Supervised and semi-supervised learning


• Unsupervised learning
• Reinforcement learning
Supervised and semi-supervised learning
• Supervised learning algorithms build a mathematical model of a set of data that contains
both the inputs and the desired outputs. The data is known as training data, and consists
of a set of training examples. Each training example has one or more inputs and a desired
output, also known as a supervisory signal. In the case of semi-supervised learning
algorithms, some of the training examples are missing the desired output. In the
mathematical model, each training example is represented by an array or vector, and the
training data by a matrix. Through iterative optimization of an objective function,
supervised learning algorithms learn a function that can be used to predict the output
associated with new inputs.
Unsupervised learning
• Unsupervised learning algorithms take a set of data that contains only inputs,
and find structure in the data, like grouping or clustering of data points. The
algorithms therefore learn from test data that has not been labeled, classified
or categorized. Instead of responding to feedback, unsupervised learning
algorithms identify commonalities in the data and react based on the
presence or absence of such commonalities in each new piece of data. A
central application of unsupervised learning is in the field of density
estimation in statistics,though unsupervised learning encompasses other
domains involving summarizing and explaining data features.
Reinforcement learning
• Reinforcement learning is an area of machine learning concerned with how
software agents ought to take actions in an environment so as to maximize
some notion of cumulative reward. Due to its generality, the field is studied
in many other disciplines, such as game theory, control theory, operations
research, information theory, simulation-based optimization, multi-agent
systems, swarm intelligence, statistics and genetic algorithms. In machine
learning, the environment is typically represented as a Markov Decision
Process (MDP). Many reinforcement learning algorithms use dynamic
programming techniques
Feature learning
• Several learning algorithms aim at discovering better representations of the inputs
provided during training. Classic examples include principal components analysis
and cluster analysis. Feature learning algorithms, also called representation learning
algorithms, often attempt to preserve the information in their input but also transform
it in a way that makes it useful, often as a pre-processing step before performing
classification or predictions. This technique allows reconstruction of the inputs
coming from the unknown data-generating distribution, while not being necessarily
faithful to configurations that are implausible under that distribution. This replaces
manual feature engineering, and allows a machine to both learn the features and use
them to perform a specific task.
Genetic algorithms
• A genetic algorithm (GA) is a search algorithm and heuristic technique
that mimics the process of natural selection, using methods such as
mutation and crossover to generate new genotypes in the hope of finding
good solutions to a given problem. In machine learning, genetic
algorithms were used in the 1980s and 1990s. Conversely, machine
learning techniques have been used to improve the performance of genetic
and evolutionary algorithms.
Conclusions
This paper discussed machine learning and cognitive psychology. Machine
learning is a general technology that used in Google, Netflix and many
different fields. However, this technology is quite new and not very mature,
so it contains many security and ethical problems. However, in the other
hand, this technology can help us in deal with security problems. Moreover,
this technology will influence social and economic structure. In the future,
deep learning will becomes a main area in machine learning study.  

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