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Chapter 4 - FUNCTION

The document discusses functions in C++. It defines what a function is and differentiates between standard library functions and user-defined functions. It explains how to declare and define a function using a return type, function name, and parameter list. The document also covers passing parameters to functions by value and by reference, and provides examples of functions to find the minimum of two numbers and calculate the addition of two numbers. Finally, it briefly introduces the concept of recursion by using the factorial function as an example.

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56 views16 pages

Chapter 4 - FUNCTION

The document discusses functions in C++. It defines what a function is and differentiates between standard library functions and user-defined functions. It explains how to declare and define a function using a return type, function name, and parameter list. The document also covers passing parameters to functions by value and by reference, and provides examples of functions to find the minimum of two numbers and calculate the addition of two numbers. Finally, it briefly introduces the concept of recursion by using the factorial function as an example.

Uploaded by

قدس العجمي
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CHAPTER 4

FUNCTIONS
Aim & Objectives

Aim
 To learn writing program in C++ using function.

Objectives
 To understand the function concepts
 To learn about function declaration and definition
 To understand the two ways of passing parameters to function (by
value, by reference)
 To gain knowledge about recursion
What is function

 A function is sub program that is executed when it is called from some point
of the program.
 With the help of functions, large computing tasks can be divided in
doable smaller ones.
 Every C++ program has main() function.
 The Standard Library Functions are divided into several header files.
 The function must be declared before it is used.
 C++ function is classified into two categories
 Standard Library functions.
Example : main(),cout(),cin(), strlen(),etc
 User-defined functions.
Example : addition(),max ()
In C++ , function can be defined using below template:
return type function name ( function parameter list)
{
// body of function;
}

• Return type: valid C++ variable type.


• Function name: valid C++ identifier.
• Parameter: list of variable types followed by variable name.

• Note: multiple parameters are separated by comma.

Together Towards A Green Environment


User defined function
 A function declaration is usually declared at the top of a C++
source file

 Function Prototype or Function declaration


return_type function_name(list of parameter);
Example: int max(int n1, int n2);

 The function definition consists of the prototype and a function


body, which is a block of code enclosed in parenthesis.
return_type function_name(list of parameter)
Example: int max(int n1, int n2)
Function – To find the minimum among two numbers

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int min(int x , int y); Function Prototype

int min(int x , int y)


{
if(x < y)
return x; Function definition (body)
else
return y;
}

int main()
{
int i=5, j=7,s;
s=min(i,j); Calling Function
cout << “Smallest of two numbers ” << s;
return 0;
Algorithm for finding minimum of two numbers
using function

Main
1. Start
2. Declare i , j &s as integers.
3. Call the function min(i,j) and store the return value in s
4. Display the minimum value, s
5. Stop
 
Function min(int x, int y)
1. if x< y then go to step 2 else go to step 3
2. return x , go to step 4
3. return y
4. return to main
Flowchart for the finding minimum of two numbers us
function
Addition of two numbers

Function with arguments Function without arguments


#include <iostream>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
using namespace std;
int addition ();
int addition (int a, int b);
int addition ()
int addition (int a, int b)
{
{
int a,b,r;
int r;
cin >> a >> b;
r=a+b;
r=a+b;
return (r);
return (r);
}
}
int main ()
int main ()
{
{
int sum;
int sum;
sum=addition (5,3);
sum=addition ();
cout << “The sum is “<< sum;
cout << “The sum is “<< sum;
return 0;
return 0;
}
}
Passing arguments to function
• Pass-by-Value
A copy of the variable is passed to the function,
the change will not affect the variables used to
call the function

• Pass-by-Reference
Address of the variable is passed; the change
will reflect on the variable used to call the
function.
Pass By Value

 When arguments are passed by value, the called


function creates a new variable of the same type as the
argument and copies the arguments value into it.
 The function does not have access to the original
variable in the calling program, only the copy of it
is created.
 Passing arguments by values is useful when the
function does not need to modify the original variable
in the calling program.
 The function cannot harm the original variable.
 Only one value is returned to the Calling program.
Example for Pass by value
Pass By Reference

 A reference provides an alias – a different name – for a


variable.
 Instead of a value being passed to the function, a reference to
the original variable, in the calling program is passed.
 One advantage of passing by reference is that the function can
access the actual variables in the calling program.
 This provides a mechanism for passing more than one value
from the function back to the calling program.
Example: Pass by reference
Function recursion:
• When a function calls itself is known as recursion.
• The popular example to understand the recursion is factorial
function.
C++ recursion example:

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