CLASSROOM OBSERVATION

BIOTECHNOLOGY
QUARTER 1
OCTOBER 27, 2021
4:00 – 5:00 PM
QUARTER 1: THE CELL

 THE CELL ORGANELLES

 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLS
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS
 CELL FUNCTIONS
 1. TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS
 2. ATP PRODUCTION
 3. CELL DIVISION
REVIEW OF THE PAST
LESSONS
 THE SPLITTING OF GLUCOSE

A GLYCOLYSIS
GLYCOLYSIS
5
B KREBS CYCLE

C ETC

D ELECTROLYSIS
 All organisms need energy to survive. Plants use
solar energy to convert it to chemical energy as food.
What organelle is responsible for this process in
making food?
A CYTOPLASM
6
B CHLOROPLAST
CHLOROPLAST

C MITOCHONDRION
D NUCLEOUS
 It is an organic interaction that converts sugars like
glucose, sucrose, and fructose into cell energy, creating
What is Biodiversity?
ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products.

A LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

7
B AEROBIC RESPIRATION

C ETHANOL
ETHANOLFERMENTATION
FERMENTATION

D ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
 Lower organisms such as bacteria use this type of
respiration. In other organisms, it occurs during heavy
activities.

A A.LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

8
B AEROBIC RESPIRATION

C ETHANOL FERMENTATION

D ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Glycolysis happens
Whatinisthe ___________ of the cell.
Biodiversity?

A MITOCHONDRIA
9
B NUCLEOUS

C CYTOPLASM
CYTOPLASM

D RIBOSOME
CELLS AND ITS FUNCTIONS

Explain the different cell functions

Transport of materials
ATP production
Cell Division
 What is cell division?
the process that results in an increase in the number of
cells.
the process by which a parent cell divides into two or
more daughter cells.
the process of making new body cells
cell reproduction or cell multiplication
Why do cells divide?

For repair of damaged cells

For replacement of dead cells
For growth and maintenance of cells
For asexual reproduction in single- celled organisms
Examples of Cell Division:

 Healing of a wound in your skin

 Hair growth

 Replacement of lost arms in starfish

 Asexual reproduction in single- celled organisms

Repair of damaged cells
Asexual Reproduction in unicellular organisms
 Types of Cell Division

Mitosis:
 occurs in all body cells except reproductive cells or sex cells
 produces 2 diploid gametes or reproductive cells
a process where a single cell divides once to produce 2 diploid cells
containing the exact number of chromosomes of the parent cell
 the major purpose is for repair of damaged cells or replace of worn-out cells
Types of Cell Division
 Meiosis:
 occurs only in reproductive cells
 produces 4 haploid gametes or reproductive cells
a process where a single cell divides twice to produce 4 haploid
cells containing half the original number of chromosomes of the
parent cell
 thepurpose is to produce haploid reproductive cells and to shuffle
genetic information
The Cell Cycle: The Preparation for Cell Division
What happens during cell cycle?
What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

 theordered sequence of events that occur in a

cell in preparation for cell division

 Theprocess in which the cell increases in size,

copies its DNA, prepares to divide, and divides
UNLOCKING OF
DIFFICULTY
A chromosome is a long DNA molecule containing the genetic
material of an organism.
 CHROMOSOME
A chromosome is a string of DNA wrapped around associated proteins that give the
connected nucleic acid bases a structure. During interphase of the cell cycle, the
chromosome exists in a loose structure, so proteins can be translated from the DNA and the
DNA can be replicated. During mitosis and meiosis, the chromosome becomes condensed,
to be organized and separated.

The substance consisting of all the chromosomes in a cell and all their associated proteins is
known as chromatin. In prokaryotes, there is usually only a single chromosome, which
exists in a ring-like or linear shape. The chromatin of most eukaryotic organisms consists of
multiple chromosomes, as described later in the article. Each chromosome carries part of
the genetic code necessary to produce an organism.
Chromosome Structure

Chromosomes have a very complex structure. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid makes the
base of the structure, as seen on the far left. DNA is made of a two strings of nucleic acid
base pairs. The base pairs in DNA are cytosine, adenine, thymine, and guanine.

The spiral structure formed by the two strings of DNA is due to complimentary pairing
between every base with its pair on the opposite string. Adenine pairs with thymine and
guanine pairs with cytosine. The opposite side of the bases form a phosphate-deoxyribose
backbone, which keeps the strands intact.
Spindle fibers are
filaments formed
during cell division.
They are involved
in moving and
segregating the
chromosomes towards
opposite. poles during
cell division .
Kinetochore a
complex of proteins
that attaches the
chromosomes to
the spindle fibers.
Centromere a
structure in a
chromosome that
holds together the
two chromatids.
Chromatid is one
half of a duplicated
chromosome.
Diploid cell a cell
that contains
two complete
sets of
chromosomes.
Haploid cell a cell
that contains a
single set of
chromosomes.
 Group Presentation

GROUP 1: The Cell Cycle

GROUP 2: Mitosis
GROUP 3: Meiosis
GROUP 4: Comparison between Mitosis and Meiosis
Group 1 Slides 27-28
THE CELL CYCLE

Make your own presentation

Make it beautiful and clear to understand
Use better visuals
 THE INTERPHASE
What changes occur during each stage of the
interphase?

INTERPHASE DESCRIPTION OF EVENTS

1. Gap 1 ____________________________

2. Synthesis ____________________________

3. Gap 2 ____________________________
GUIDE QUESTION
Why do cells need to go
through interphase before

dividing?
Group 2: Mitosis
Answer the following questions:
What is mitosis?
In what type of cells does mitosis occurs?
What are the stages of mitosis?
What happens in each stage?
What is produced after mitotic division?
Group 3: Meiosis

Answer the following questions:

What is meiosis?
In what type of cells does meiosis occurs?
What are the stages of meiosis?
What happens in each stage?
What is produced after meiosis division?
 Group 4: Make a comparison of
mitosis and meiosis

Present it in a tabular form or in Venn diagram

Make it presentable
Fill in the table: Compare mitosis from
meiosis
PROPERTY MITOSIS MEIOSIS

DNA REPLICATION

NUMBER OF DIVISION

SYNAPSIS OF HOMOLOGOUS
CHROMOSOMES

NUMBER OF DAUGHTER CELLS

ROLE IN ANIMAL BODY

Summary of the lesson
 CELLS DIVIDE FOR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
 CELL CYCLE HAS TWO PHASES: Interphase and Mitotic phase.
 The interphase is the cell preparation for cell division.
 CELL DIVISION
 MITOSIS HAPPENS IN SOMATIC CELL. PRODUCES 2 DIPLOID CELLS IDENTICAL
TO THE PARENT CELL
 MEIOSIS HAPPENS IN SEX CELLS. PRODUCES 4 HAPLOID CELLS WHICH ARE
NOT THE SAMES AS THE PARENT CELL
POST TEST

Identify which stage in the cell

cycle/division the following events
occur?
 1. Chromosomes line up in the
middle of the spindle
apparatus along the equator.
A. Interphase B. Prophase C. Metaphase D Anaphase E. Telophase
2. Chromosomes replicate in
this stage.

Answer: A
3. The nuclear membrane is
gone and the spindle
apparatus is very visible

Answer: B
4. Chromosomes separate and
migrate to the poles.

Answer: D
5. Formation of 4 haploid cells
A. Prophase2 B. Metaphase 2 C. Anaphase2 D. Telophase 2

Answer: D
6. Cell growth occurs.

Answer : A
7. One cell becomes two.

Answer: E
8. G1, S, and G2 substages.

Answer: A
9. The nuclear membrane
reappears and the spindle
disappears.

Answer: E
10. Two new diploid cells are
formed.
A. Interphase B. Prophase C.Metaphase D. Anaphase
E. Telophase F. Cytokinesis
Fill in the table: Compare mitosis from
meiosis
POST TEST
Identify which of the following statements describes mitosis and meiosis?

1. Involved in asexual reproduction

2. Results in haploid cells

3. Produces genetically identical cells

4. Diploid cells are produced

5. Involved in sexual reproduction

6. New cells which are very much like the original cells are produced.

7. Sex cells are produced