Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Sexual Reproduction in Plants
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Plant Reproduction Home Page
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Pollination Germination
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Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Flower structure
stigma
anther
stamen style carpel
filament ovary
ovule
petal
sepal
receptacle
peduncle
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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
Structure and function of the flower
stigma
anther
stamen style carpel
filament ovary
ovule
petal
sepal
receptacle
peduncle
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
What do the parts do?
Sepals- protect
the flower when it Anther- produces
is a bud male sex cells
(pollen)
Petals- colourful
to attract the
insects Stigma- traps pollen
Style- is where
pollen tube grows
Nectaries- give down to female sex
out sugary liquid Ovary- produces cells.
to attract insects female sex cells
(ovules)
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Flower Structure Quiz
carpel
sepal
X
stamen
peduncle
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Flower Structure Quiz
stigma
sepal
anther
ovary
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Flower Structure Quiz
petals
style
nectary
ovary
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Flower Structure Quiz
• Which parts of the flower are labelled below:
X
X = style, Y = stigma
X = filament, Y = anther
Y
X = stigma, Y = style
X = anther, Y = filament
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Pollination
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Insect-pollinated flowers are adapted to attract
insects to them to enable transfer of pollen
Pollen has
barbs for
nectar and a hooking onto
scent present insect fur
Anthers positioned
to rub pollen onto
insects
Sticky stigma
to collect pollen Brightly
coloured petals
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Wind-pollinated flowers are different in structure
because they do not have to attract insects to
them but do need to be exposed to the wind.
Stigma are
feathery to catch
pollen carried on
wind
• Self-pollination is
not desirable as it
reduces variation
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Flowers will prevent self-pollination by either
having stigma above stamen or…
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
…by having stamen and stigma mature at different
times.
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Pollination Quiz
style to stamen
ovule to filament
anther to stigma
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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
Pollination Quiz
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Pollination Quiz
• Cross-pollination…
Increases variation
Decreases variation
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Pollination Quiz
Having a nectary
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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
Fertilisation and Fruit Development
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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
Once pollination occurs a tube grows from the
pollen grain down through the style to the ovule
stigma
style
carpel
ovary
ovule
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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
Fertilisation occurs when the nucleus of the male
gamete fuses with the nucleus of the ovule (the
female gamete)
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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
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Once fertilisation has taken place the zygote
(fertilised ovule)becomes a seed, and the ovary
becomes a fruit.
The petals die and fall off.
The plant seeds are in the fruit.
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Water leaves the seed, it dehydrates and becomes
dormant because metabolic reactions stop.
The ovary develops to become a fruit.
Fleshy wall
seed of the ovary
(yes, you are
eating an
adapted ovary
when you
crunch into an
apple!
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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
Seed Dispersal
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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
Seeds need to be dispersed away from the parent
plant in order to reduce competition for space,
light, nutrients and water.
• Seeds can be dispersed by:
• Wind
• Water
• Mechanical
• Animals
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Seed dispersal quiz
water
mechanical
wind
animal
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Seed dispersal quiz
mechanical
animal
water
wind
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Seed dispersal quiz
water
wind
animal
mechanical
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Seed dispersal quiz
animal
mechanical
water
wind
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Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Germination
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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
After fertilisation the petals, stamen and sepals fall off.
The ovule turns into a seed, the fertilised egg inside
develops into an embryo plant.
Cotyledon:
Testa: Food store
tough seed coat
Plumule:
Micropyle: Embryo shoot
Hole made by Embryo
pollen tube plant
Radicle:
Embryo root
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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
The seed contains the embryo plant and
cotyledons (starch stores)
Testa Water enters the seed
through the micropyle
and activates enzymes.
Plumule
(embryo shoot)
Micropyle Cotyledon
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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
Enzymes are used in seed germination
Plumule
Radicle
This is the first part
to grow out of the
seed as it needs to
absorb more water
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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
Whilst germinating the plant uses food stores in
the cotyledon to provide energy for growth
germination
Dry mass/g
Weight increases as
the seedling can
photosynthesise and
Dry mass is the plant grows
mass of solid
matter with all
water removed
Days
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Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination
Conditions required for germination
No
oxygen
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