SCALARS

&
VECTORS
TOPIC 4
BELLWORK
• 1. How would you give a good direction to someone who is blind
or has a low vision??

• 2. How would you help a lost friend find direction in his or her
life?
SCALARS
 SCALARS

Mass of the gold bar is 1 kg.

Physical Quantity Magnitude
 SCALARS

Length of the guitar is 96. 5 cm.

Physical Quantity Magnitude

 SCALARS

Temperature is 36.6 ºC.

Physical Quantity Magnitude

 SCALARS
A PHYSICAL QUANTITY
THAT HAS
MAGNITUDE.
Example:
Mass Time
Length Volume
Temperature Distance
VECTORS
 VECTORS

Iloilo Leyte

Position of Iloilo to Leyte is 330 km East.

Physical Quantity Magnitude Direction
 VECTORS

Displacement from your house to

school is 12,000 m East.
Physical Quantity Magnitude Direction
 Vectors
A PHYSICAL QUANTITY
THAT HAS BOTH
MAGNITUDE AND
Example: DIRECTION.
Position Acceleration
Displacement Momentum
Velocity Force
1. 15 m/s =
2. 98 km East =
3. 54 o Celcius =
4. 67 m2 =
5. 38 mL =
6. 1.5 hour =
7. 8 m/s2 Northeast
8. 9 m/s horizontal
9. 10 L =
10. 15 N =
 Vectors

Symbolically represented by an arrow.

AB
ADDITION of Scalar and
vector quantities
 Addition of scalars
Scalar quantities are values that has only
one component and may be added using
simple arithmetic.
Example:
Suppose you walked from your bedroom going to
kitchen and then back to your bedroom.
 Addition of scalars
Starting point Room 15 m, East
and The total distance
Ending point
travelled is the sum of
all the distances; 15 m
18 m, North 18 m, South + 18 m + 15 m + 18 m=
66 meters.

Take note that

15 m, West Kitchen
distance is scalar
quantity and the
The path that you took from your room
to kitchen and going back.
magnitudes can
simply be added as
long as they have the
same units.
 Addition of vectors
Adding vector quantities must be done by
considering the directions.
Using Graphical Method
-Parallelogram Method
 Addition of vectors
Parallelogram Method
-Adding two vectors
-Tail-Tail method

Example:
Force is a vector quantity that use newton (N) as the unit. Suppose of
force of = 10.0 N is applied horizontally to a block. Also, a second
force = 5.0 N is applied at an angle of 30º above the horizontal.
Determine the resultant force that acts on the block.
 Parallelogram method
Step 1: Choose a scale
ex. 1 cm = 1 N
Step 2: Draw a Cartesian Plane and plot the two
vectors from tail to tail. (using your chosen scale)
Y
should be drawn 10 cm long, and
should be 5cm long. Use a protractor
to plot 30º on the x-axis.
𝑭𝟐
30º
X
𝑭𝟏
Parallelogram method
Step 3: Draw 2 dashed lines to make a
parallelogram.

𝑭𝟐
30º
𝑭𝟏 X
Parallelogram method
Step 4: Draw the resultant vector.
Use a ruler to measure the arrow
Y representing the resultant
vector. If your measurement is
correct, it should be 14.6 cm.

𝑭𝟐 R
30º
𝑭𝟏 X
Parallelogram method
Step 4: Draw the resultant vector.

Using your protractor, the

Y angle that the resultant makes
with the positive x-axis is 10º.

𝑭𝟐 R
30º
𝑭𝟏 X
Parallelogram method
Step 5: Using your chosen scale, change cm to N.

Therefore, the resultant force is

Y

= 14.6 N, 10º

𝑭𝟐 𝑭𝑹
30º
𝑭𝟏 X
 Addition of vectors
Adding vector quantities must be done by
considering the directions.
Using Graphical Method
-Polygon Method
 Polygon method
Polygon Method
-Adding more than two vectors
-Head-Tail method

Example:
Displacement is a vector quantity, describes the change in the body’s position.
Suppose you walk from your house with the following displacements- first, you
walk 10.0 m to the east; 5.0 m to the north; and then another 5.0 m to the west.
Find your resultant displacement using the polygon method.
 Polygon method
Step 1: Choose a scale.
1 cm = 1 m
Step 2: Using this scale, draw the vectors in the
Cartesian plane.
Y

The tail of the first vector should

𝑑3
be at the origin of the Cartesian
plane. The next two vector
𝑑2
should be drawn in a “head-to-
tail” manner.
𝑑1 X
 Polygon method
Step 3: Construct the resultant displacement by
drawing an arrow from the origin of the
Cartesian plane to the head of the last vector.

𝑑3 Measure the length of the

𝑑𝑅
arrow using a ruler. If your
𝑑2 measurement is correct, it should
be 7.1 cm.
𝑑1 X
 Polygon method
Step 3: Construct the resultant displacement by
drawing an arrow from the origin of the
Cartesian plane to the head of the last vector.

𝑑3 Measure its direction using the

𝑑𝑅
protractor. If your measurement
𝑑2 is correct, it should be 45º.

𝑑1 X
 Polygon method
Step 4: Use the scale to convert measurements.

Therefore, the resultant

displacement is
Y

𝑑3
= 7.1 m, 45º or = 7.1 m, NE
𝑑𝑅 𝑑2

𝑑1 X
 Addition of vectors
Adding vector quantities must be done by
considering the directions.
Using Analytical Method
 Analytical method
More accurate results can be found
using analytical method. This
eliminates chances for human errors
related to the measuring and plotting of
vectors when the graphical method is
employed.
 Analytical method
A method of finding the resultant by calculating
the components of each given vector using
trigonometric functions and Pythagorean theorem
 Analytical method
Pythagorean Theorem
 C2 = a 2 + b 2

 C = hypotenuse

 A & B are sides

 Analytical method
Sample Problem 1
 Naruto runs 50 m east then 50 m north.
Determine Naruto’s resultant vector.
(scaling: 10m = 1 cm)
 Analytical method
1. Vector Diagram
 Analytical method
2. Pythagorean Theorem
 c² = a² + b²
 Analytical method
3. Trigonometric Functions
 θ = tan
 component method
Using trigonometry, the magnitudes of and can be
written as
= A cosθ = A sin θ
This process is called resolving the vector.
Note that a symbol without an
arrow denotes only magnitude
of the vector.
Ex.
A is the magnitude of vector A.
COMPONENT method
Sample Problem 1
 Two persons are pulling a box.
 1st: 6N, NE
 2nd: 5N, 60° N of W

 Scaling : 1N = 1 cm,
COMPONENT method
Sample Problem 1
COMPONENT method
Sample Problem 1
COMPONENT method
Sample Problem 1
COMPONENT method
Sample Problem 1
COMPONENT method
Sample Problem 1
COMPONENT method
Sample Problem 1
COMPONENT method
Sample Problem 2
 A bird flies 80 m East, 100 m NE, 110 m
30° N of W, and 160 m 20° S of W.
 Where is the bird?
COMPONENT method
Sample Problem 2
COMPONENT method
Sample Problem 2
COMPONENT method
Sample Problem 2
COMPONENT method
Sample Problem 2
COMPONENT method
Sample Problem 2
COMPONENT method
Sample Problem 2
COMPONENT method
Recorded Video:
Component Method
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pAUg5tT5JLnwE_9TCOc5rqz8FSqVrao-/view?usp=sharing