MATHEMATICS REVIEW

CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION

TOPICS:
● Exponents ● Fractions
● Square Root ● PEMDAS
● Decimal ● Mean, Median, Mode
● Percentage ● Integers
● Number Series ● Age and Distance
● Ratio and Proportion Problems
● Area and Perimeter
 The exponent of a number
says how many times to use

EXPONEN the number in a

multiplication.

TS Exponents are also called

Powers or Indices
Examples
3
•Example: 5 = 5 × 5 × 5 = 125

3
In words: 5 could be called "5 to the third power", "5 to the power
3" or simply "5 cubed“

4
•Example: 2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 16

4
In words: 2 could be called "2 to the fourth power" or "2 to the
power 4" or simply "2 to the 4th"
 Another way of writing it

Sometimes people use the ^ symbol, as it is

easy to type.

Example: 2^4 is the same as 24

2^4 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 16
What if The exponent is 1(one) or 0 (zero)?
If the exponent is 1, then you just have the number itself

(example 91 = 9)

If the exponent is 0, then you get 1 (example 90 = 1)

But what about 00 ? It could be either 1 or 0, and so

people say it is "indeterminate”.
Exponent rules and practice
Exponent rules and practice
 In mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number y such

2
that y = x; in other words, a number y whose square (the result

SQUARE of multiplying the number by itself, or y ⋅ y) is x. For example, 4

and −4 are square roots of 16, because 4

2 2
= (−4) = 16 .

ROOT
 Square root
•Every nonnegative real number x has a unique nonnegative square
root, called the principal square root, which is denoted by √x, where the
symbol √ is called the radical sign or radix. For example, the principal

square root of 9 is 3, which is denoted by √9 = 3,because 32 = 3 ⋅ 3 = 9

and 3 is nonnegative. The term (or number) whose square root is being
considered is known as the radicand. The radicand is the number or
expression underneath the radical sign, in this case 9.
 EXAMPLE

√45796 = ?
A. 196
B. 216
C. 186
D. 214
DECIMAL A decimal number consists

S of a whole number and a

fractional part, separated by

a decimal point.
ROUNDING OFF DECIMALS
ROUNDING OFF DECIMALS
EXAMPLES:
1. Round off to the nearest hundreds place: 1,750
2. Round off to the nearest tens place: 9,650
3. Round off to the nearest hundreds place: 2,120
4. Round off to the nearest tens place: 328
5. Round off to the nearest thousands place: 121,420
EXAMPLES:
1. Round off to the nearest hundredths place: 200.543
2. Round off to the nearest tenths place: 1.78
3. Round off to the nearest hundredths place: 25.432
4. Round off to the nearest tenths place: 3.28
ADDITION/SUBTRACTION OF DECIMAL NUMBERS
!!Make sure to align the decimal points prior solving:

88.452
+ 4.05

92.502
MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMAL NUMBERS
Examples:
1. 4.22 times 3 = 12.66
2. 1.02 times 2.2 = 2.244
3. 5.20 times 2 = ?
4. 5 times 0.50 = ?
5. 20 times 0.25 = ?
PERCENT Percent (or per
AGE cent) means
one
hundredth.
● When we say "Percent" we are really saying "per 100"
● Fifty percent (50%) means 50 per 100.
● Twenty five percent (25%) means 25 per 100.
Because “percent” means “per 100”, now think:

So 75% really“this
means
should75/100.
be divided by 100”

And 100% is 100/100, or exactly 1.

Then how do we get the percentage of a number?
IMPORTANT STEP: Convert the percentage into decimal
because a percent can also be expressed as a decimal.
Example: What is 35% of 120?
35% = 0.35
Question can be translated to:
0.35 times 120 = 42
EXAMPLES:
1. What is the 20% of 100?
2. What is the 50% of 50?
3. What is the 15% of 80?
4. What is the 40% of 600?
5. What is the 55% of 80?
 Consist of four to seven visible numbers
along with a single missing number or,
depending on the sequence's complexity
level, 2 or 3 missing numbers.
Number Series
All term in the sequence meet a specific
logical rule which needs to be recognised
in order to find the missing terms.
Types of Number Series

1) Arithmetic Sequences
2) Geometric Sequences
3) Exponent Sequences
a. Perfect Squares
b. Perfect Cube Sequences
4) Two-Stage Sequences
5) Mixed Sequences
6) Alternating Sequences
7) Fibonacci Sequences
8) A Combination of Sequences' Types
Arithmetic Sequences
In arithmetic sequence questions, you will find that the differences between the numbers
are obtained by adding, subtracting or performing both operations to the previous term.
Geometric Sequences
Geometric sequence questions address the ascent or descent of moving numbers.
Here, each term is obtained by multiplying, dividing or using both operations, to the
previous term by a specific number or order of numbers.
Exponent Sequences
Exponent sequences display all terms as exponent numbers, moving in a specific order.
They can be broken down into 2 groups: 1) perfect square and 2) perfect cube sequences.
Below is a breakdown of each group.

a. Perfect Squares

- all terms are perfect

square numbers (x2)
moving in a specific
order
a. Perfect Cube Sequances

- all terms are cubed

numbers (x3), also
moving in a specific
order.
Two-Stage Sequences
In Two-stage sequences you will find that the differences between consecutive terms form
an arithmetic or a geometric sequence. Thus the logical rule needs to be discovered.
Mixed Sequences
Mixed sequences cover a single sequence with more than 1 arithmetic rule characterising
it.
Alternating Sequences
Here, a single sequence made of alternating terms form two independent sub-sequences
and combine them.
Fibonacci Sequences
Each term known as a Fibonacci number is the sum of the 2 preceding numbers in a
sequence. The simplest Fibonacci sequence is: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, etc
A Combination of Sequences’ Types
This sample question follows both set of rules found in two-stage sequences and exponent
sequences
 The ratio is the mathematical tool we use
to compare quantities using division. The
concept of ratios leads to the concept of
proportions which has a lot of application
RATIO & PROPORTION in our daily lives such as when we
convert currencies, estimate the volume
of gasoline required for a car to cover a
certain distance, calculate the cost of
items bought, and so on.
Ratio and Proportion

Suppose we are cooking, and for every 4 teaspoons of vinegar, we put 3 teaspoons of
soy sauce, then we can say the ratio of the volume of vinegar to the volume of soy
sauce is “four is to three” and represent it as 4:3. We can also use the fraction 4/3 to
represent the ratio above.
Example 1

In a class, there are 24 girls and 18 boys. What is the

ratio of (1) the number of girls to the number of boys and
(2) the number of boys to the number of girls?
Answer

The number of girls is 24 and the number of boys is 18,

so the ratio of the number of girls to the number of boys
is 24:18 or 24/18. In contrast, the ratio of the number of
boys to the number of girls is 18:24 or 18/24
Example 2

In a box of colored balls, there are 5 red balls and 8 blue

balls. What is the ratio of the number of blue balls to the
total number of balls?
Answer

The number of blue balls is 8 and the total number of

balls is 5 + 8 = 13. Therefore the ratio of the number of
blue balls to the total number of balls is 8:13 or 8/13.
Example 3

Gemma put 2 teaspoons of sugar for every cup of

coffee. Represent the ratio of the number of teaspoons
of sugar if there are 6 cups of coffee.
Answer

For every cup of coffee, we need 2 teaspoons.

Therefore, for 6 cups of coffee, we need 6 times 2 = 12
teaspoons. So, the ratio of the number of teaspoons and
6 cups of coffee is 12:6.
In the three examples above, we have learned how to
represent ratio. The ratio A: B means how many times of
B is A. For example, the ratio 4:3 means A is 4/3 times of
B.
 A fraction is a part of a

FRACTIO whole. It is composed of a

numerator, the number
above the bar, and a
NS denominator, the number
below the bar.
Proper, Improper, and Mixed Fractions
● Proper fractions - are fractions whose numerator are less than the
denominator
● Improper fractions - are fractions whose numerator are greater than
the numerator. Improper fractions can be converted to mixed
fractions.
● Mixed fractions - are fractions that contain whole numbers.
Converting Mixed Numbers to Improper Fractions
To convert a mixed number to an improper fraction:
Step 1: Multiply the denominator by the whole number.
Step 2: Add the numerator to the product found in the previous
step.
Step 3: Place your sum found in step 2 over the original
denominator of your mixed number.
Converting Improper Fractions to Mixed Numbers

To convert an improper fraction to a mixed number:

Step 1: Divide the numerator by the denominator.
Step 2: Write down the whole number result.
Step 3: Use the remainder as the new numerator
over the denominator.
ADDING FRACTIONS

Adding Similar Fractions

● Similar fractions are fractions whose
denominators are the same.
● Rule: Just add the numerator and copy the
denominator.
ADDING FRACTIONS
Adding Dissimilar (Unlike) fractions

● Dissimilar fractions are fractions whose denominators are

not similar.

● Rule: First, determine the least common multiple (LCM) of

their denominator which is known as the least common
denominator. Next, convert all the addends to equivalent
fractions whose denominator is the LCM.

EXAMPLE:
Solution: b. Convert the fractions into fractions
whose denominator is the LCM which is
6.
a. Get the LCM of 2 and 3.

c. Add the equivalent fractions.

ADDING FRACTIONS
Adding Mixed Numbers

RULE:
Convert them first to
improper fraction. Change to
common denominator then
add the numerator. Convert
back to mixed number.
SUBTRACTING FRACTIONS
● RULE: In subtracting fractions, the process is just the same with
adding similar, dissimilar, and mixed fractions.
Subtracting Similar Fractions
SUBTRACTING FRACTIONS
Subtracting Dissimilar Fractions

=
SUBTRACTING FRACTIONS
Subtracting Mixed Numbers
MULTIPLYING FRACTIONS
● RULE: Just multiply the numerator then the denominator. If the
given fractions can be converted to lowest terms, the easier the
multiplication will be.

reduce the fraction to lowest term by dividing both

the numerator and the denominator by 2
MULTIPLYING FRACTIONS

Convert the mixed fraction into improper fraction by

multiplying the denominator of the mixed fraction to
the whole number and the product to the
denominator. In this example,
DIVIDING FRACTIONS
● RULE: Get the reciprocal of the divisor then multiply the
fractions.
DIVIDING FRACTIONS
PEMDAS Rule (Order of Operations)
In Mathematics, we do operations like Subtraction,
Addition,Multiplication and Division. These operations are
performed in a certain order. In this case, known as PEMDAS
which stands for:
P- Parenthesis {[()]}
E- Exponents (Power and Square Roots)
MD- Multiplication and Division (left to right x and / )
AS- Addition and Subtraction (left to right + and - )
PEMDAS RULE:
PEMDAS Rule states that the order of operation starts with
the Parentheses first or the calculation which is enclosed in
brackets.
Then, the operation is performed on exponents ( Degree or
square roots).
Later we do operations on multiplication and division and;
At last addition and subtraction.
PEMDAS: Order of Operations
P: Solve the calculation or equation which are present in the parentheses or brackets like
small brackets( ), curly brackets{ } or big brackets[ ]. Priority is given to brackets first.

E: Exponential expressions should be calculated first before the operations of

multiplication, division, addition and subtraction. Usually, they are expressed in power or
roots.

MD: Then perform multiplication or division from left to right, whichever comes first in the
equation.

AS: At last, perform addition or subtraction whichever comes first while moving from left to
right.
PEMDAS Examples with Answers:
PEMDAS Examples with Answers:
PEMDAS Examples with Answers:
MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE
In Statistics, there are 3 measures of Central Tendency, they
are as follows:
Mean- the average value of the given set of data.
Median- the value of the middlemost observation obtained
after arranging the data in ascending order.
Mode- the most common value.
Arithmetic Mean (Average)
- The arithmetic mean of a given data is the sum of all observations divided by the
number of observations.

Example:

A cricketer's scores in five ODI matches are as follows: 12, 34, 45, 50, 24. Find the average.

Mean = Sum of all observations/Number of observations

Mean = (12 + 34 + 45 + 50 + 24)/5

Mean = 165/5 = 33
Types of Data (Raw Data)
Data can be present in raw form or tabular form. Let's find the mean in both cases.

Example:

If the heights of 5 people are 142 cm, 150 cm, 149 cm, 156 cm, and 153 cm.

Find the mean height.

Mean height, x̄ = (142 + 150 + 149 + 156 + 153)/5

= 750/5

= 150

Thus, the mean height is 150 cm.

Types of Data (Tabular Form) Frequency Distribution
Here, we will multiply the the data from its
frequency. The total of the product will be
divided from the total Frequency to arrive at
the Arithmetic Mean.
Median
The value of the middlemost observation, obtained after arranging the data in
ascending order, is called the median of the data.

Example:

Find the median of the ff. data: 4, 4, 6, 3, 2

Let's arrange this data in ascending order: 2, 3, 4, 4, 6.

There are 5 observations, Thus, median = middle value i.e. 4.

Mode
The value which appears most often in the given data i.e. the observation with the highest
frequency is called a mode of data.

Case 1: Ungrouped Data

For ungrouped data, we just need to identify the observation which occurs maximum times.
For example in the data: 6, 8, 9, 3, 4, 6, 7, 6, 3 the value 6 appears the most number of
times. Thus, mode = 6. An easy way to remember mode is: Most Often Data Entered. Note:
A data may have no mode, 1 mode, or more than 1 mode. Depending upon the number of
modes the data has, it can be called unimodal, bimodal, trimodal, or multimodal.

The example discussed above has only 1 mode, so it is unimodal.

Case 2: Grouped Data:
When the data is continuous, the mode can be found using
the following steps
Step 1: Find modal class i.e. the class with maximum
frequency.
Step 2: Find mode using the following formula:
Example of finding the Mode with Grouped Data:
INTEGERS Integers are whole numbers that can be written without a
fractional or decimal component.
Integers can be ordered using a number line
 Set of Integers
The set of integers consists of zero (0), the positive and the
negative.
Positive Integers - all numbers to the right of the origin (0) of
a number line
- have values greater than zero
Negative Integers - all numbers to the left of the origin (0) of a
number line
- have values less than zero
ADDITION OF INTEGERS
RULES :
When adding the same sign
1. Add the numbers.
2. Copy the sign
When adding different signs
1. Subtract the numbers
2. Copy the sign of the
Examples
3+5=8 same positive integers, so the
answer is positive

-3 + -5 = -8 same negative integers, so

the answer is negative

5 + -3 = 2 the value of the positive

integer is larger than the
SUBTRACTION OF INTEGERS
Rules:
1. Keep the sign of the
first number
2. Change the operation
from subtraction to
addition
3. Change the sign of
the second number
(subtrahend)
Example
12 - (-6) = 18
Solution:
MULTIPLICATION OF INTEGERS
Rules:
When multiplying the
same sign the product
is always positive (+).
When multiplying
different signs the
product is always
negative (-).
Examples
3 x 5 = 15 same sign = positive

-3 x -5 = 15 same sign = positive

5 x -3 = -15 different sign = negative

DIVISION OF INTEGERS
Rules:
When dividing the same
sign the product is
always positive (+).
When dividing different
signs the product is
always negative (-).
Examples
30 ÷ 5 = 6 same sign = positive

-30 ÷ -5 = 6 same sign = positive

30 ÷ -5 = -6 different signs = negative

Age Word Problems

One application of linear equations is what are termed age

problems. When solving age problems, generally the age of
two different people (or objects) both now and in the future (or
past) are compared. The objective of these problems is
usually to find each subject’s current age.
Examples
1.) Leah is 3 years older than Lanie. The sum of their ages is
29. What are their ages?

Let x = Lanie’s age

x + 3 = Leah’s age

The sum of their ages is 29.

Examples
2.) Alfred’s thrice as old as Fely. The difference between their ages is 16. What are their ages?

Let x = Fely’s age

3x = Alfred’s age

The difference between their ages is 16.

3x – x = 16
2x = 16
x = 16/2
x = 8(Fely’s age)

3x = 3(8) = 24 (Alfred’s age)

Answer: Alfred 24, Fely 8

Examples
3.) Kaye is 4 years younger than Kenneth. The sum of their ages is 42. What are their ages?

Let x = Kenneth’age
x – 4 = Kenneth’s age

The sum of their ages is 42.

x + (x – 4) = 42
2x – 4 = 42
2x = 42 + 4
2x = 46
x = 46/2
x = 23 (Kenneth’s age)
x – 4 = (23)-4 = 19 (Kaye’s age)

Answer: Kaye 19, Kenneth 23.

Examples
1.) Gina is 5 years older than Liezel. In 5 years, the sum of their ages will be 39. What are their ages?

Present ages
Let x = Liezel’s age
x + 5 = Gina’s age.

In 5 years
(x + 5) = Liezel’s age
(x + 5) + 5 = Gina’s age.

The sum of their ages will be 39.

(x + 5) + (x + 5) + 5 = 39
2x + 15 = 39
2x = 39 – 15
2x = 24
x = 24/2
x = 12 (Liezel’s age)
(x + 5) = 12 + 5 = 17 (Gina’s age)

Answer: Gina 17, Liezel 12.

Examples
2.) Alex is 7 years older than Ben. Three years ago, the sum of their ages was 29. What are their ages?

Present ages
Let x = Ben’s age
x + 7 = Alex’s age

3 yrs ago
x – 3 = Ben’s age
x + 7 – 3 = Alex’s age

The sum of their ages was 29.

(x – 3) + [(x + 7) – 3] = 29
x – 3 + x + 4 = 29
2x + 1 = 29
2x = 29 – 1
2x = 28
x = 28/2
x = 14 (Ben’s age)
(x + 7) = 14 + 7 = 21 (Alex’s age)
Answer: Alex 21, Ben 14
Examples
3.) Yna is 18 years older than Karl. In 8 years, she will be as twice as old as Karl. What are their ages?

Let x = Karl’s age

x + 18 = Yna’s age

In 8 years…
Karl = x + 8
Yna = (x + 18) + 8

…she (Yna) will be as twice as old as Karl

Yna’s age = 2 times Karl’s age

(x + 18) + 8 = 2(x + 8)
x + 26 = 2x + 16
x – 2x = 16 – 26
-x = -10
x = 10 (Kar’s age)
x + 18 = 10 + 18 = 28 (Yna’s age)
Examples
4.) Peter’s age is thrice Amaya’s age. In 5 years, his age will be twice Amaya’s age. How old is Peter?

Let x = Amaya’s age

3x = Peter’s age

In 5 years…
Amaya = x + 5
Peter = 3x + 5

…his age will be twice as Amaya’s age

3x + 5 = 2(x + 5)
3x + 5 = 2x + 10
3x – 2x = 10 – 5
x = 5 (Amaya’s age)
3x = 3(5) = 15 (Peter’s age)
Examples
5.) Martin is thrice as old as Kaye. If 7 is subtracted from Martin’s age and 5 is added to Kaye’s age, then the sum of their ages is 34. What are their ages?

Let x = Kaye’s age

3x = Martin’s age

If 7 is subtracted from Martin’s age…

3x – 7

…and 5 is added to kaye’s age…

x+5

…then the sum of their ages is 34.

(3x – 7) + (x + 5) = 34
4x – 2 = 34
4x = 34 + 2
4x = 36
x = 36/4
x = 9 (Kaye’s age)

3x = 3(9) = 27 (Martin’s age)

Answer: Kaye 9, Martin 27.

Examples
6.) James is 9 years older than Kevin. Two years ago, his age was twice that of Kevin’s age. How old is James?

Present ages
Let x = Kevin’s age
x + 9 = James’ age

2 years ago

x – 2 = Kevin’s age
(x + 9) – 2 = x + 7 = James’ age

…his age was twice of Kevin

x + 7 = 2(x – 2)
x + 7 = 2x – 4
x – 2x = -4 – 7
-x = -11
x = 11 (Kevin’s age)
x + 9 = 11 + 9 = 20 (James’ age)

Answer: James is 20 years old.

Examples
7.) Mark is twice as old as Lorie. Rey is 6 years younger than Mark. Three years ago, the average of the ages of the three of them is 20. What are their present ages?

Present ages
Let x = Lorie’s age
2x = Mark’s age
2x – 6 = Rey’s age

3 years go
x – 3 = Lorie’s age
2x – 3 = Mark’s age)
(2x – 6) -3 = (2x -9) = Rey’s age

The average of their ages was 20.

(Lorie’s age + Mark’s age + Rey’s age ) / 3 = 20

[(x – 3) + (2x – 3) + (2x – 9)]/3 = 20.

Multiplying both sides by 3,

x – 3 + 2x – 3 + 2x – 9 = 20(3)
5x – 15 = 60
5x = 60 + 15
5x = 75
x = 75/5.

x = 15 (Lorie’s age)
2x = 2(15) = 30 (Mark’s age)
2x – 6 = 2(15) – 6 = 30 – 6 = 24 (Rey’s age)

Answer: Lorie 15, Mark 30, Rey 24.

Examples
8.) Sam is thrice as old as Vina. Rio is half as old as Vina. The sum of their ages is 54. What are their ages?

Let x – Vina’s age

3x = Sam’s age
x/2 = Rio’s age

The sum of their ages is 54.

x + 3x + x/2 = 54

Multiply both sides by 2.

2(x + 3x + x/2 = 54)2
2(x) + 2(3x) + 2(x/2) = 2(54)
2x + 6x + x = 108
9x = 108
x = 108/9
x = 12(Vina’s age)

3x = 3(12) = 36 (Sam’s age)

x/2 = 12/2 = 6 (Rio’s age)

Answer: Vina 12, Sam 36, Rio 6.

Examples
9.) Four years from now, Tina’s age will be equal to Kris’ present age. Two years from now, Kris will be twice as old as Tina. What are their present ages?

Present Ages

x = Kris’age
x – 4 = Tina’s age

2 years from now

x + 2 = Kris’ age
x – 4 + 2 = x – 2 = Tina’s age

4 years from now

x + 4 = Kris’ age
x = Tina’s age

Two years from now, Kris will be twice as old as Tina.

x + 2 = 2(x – 2)
x + 2 = 2x – 4
x – 2x = -4 – 2
-x = -6
x = 6 (Kris’ present age)
x – 4 = 6 – 2 = 4 (Tina’s age)

Answer: Tina 2, Kris 6.

Distance/Motion problems
Distance problems are word problems that involve the
distance an object will travel at a certain average rate for
a given period of time.

The formula for distance problems is: distance = rate ×

time or
d=r×t
Examples
1.) 1, 800 Kilometers

Distance = ?
Rate = 400 kph
Time = 4.5 hours

d = r \times t
d = 400 \ times 4.5
d = 1, 800 km
Examples
2.) 12 kph

Distance = 3 km
Rate = ?
Time = 15 mins (or 2.5 hrs)

rate = \dfrac{distance}{time}
rate = \dfrac{3}{.25}
rate = 12 kph
Examples
3.) 1, 800 Kilometers

Distance = ?
Rate = 400 kph
Time = 4.5 hours

d = r \times t
d = 400 \ times 4.5
d = 1, 800 km
Examples
4.) 7:12 am
Distance = 8 km
Rate = 40 kph
Time = ?

time = \dfrac{distance}{rate}
time = \dfrac{8}{40}
Time = 0.2 (or 12 minutes)

7:00 am + 12 minutes = 7:12 am

Examples
5.) 2 hours and 30 minutes or 2 1/2 hours
Rate Time Distance
Rey
rate = 55 kph
time = t
distance = 55t kph
Maco
rate = 45 kph
time = t
distance = 45t kph

Distance 1(Rey) + Distance 2(Maco) = Total distance

55t km/hr + 45t km/hr =250 km
100t km/hr = 250 km
\dfrac{250 km}{100 km/hr}
t = 2.5 hrs or 2 hrs and 30 minutes
Examples
6.) 2.4 hrs or 2 hrs and 24 minutes
Car 1
rate = 40 kph
time = t
distance = 40t kph
Car 2
rate = 30 kph
time = t
distance = 30t kph

Distance 1(Car 1) + Distance 2(Car 2) = Total distance

40t km/hr + 30t km/hr =168 km
70t km/hr = 168 km
= \dfrac{168km}{70 km/hr}
t = 2.4 hrs or 2 hrs and 24 minute
Examples
7.) 4 hours
Car 1
rate = 55 kph
time = t
distance = 55t kph
Car 2
rate = 40 kph
time = t
distance = 40t kph

Distance 1(Car 1) – Distance 2(Car 2) = Total distance

55t km/hr – 40t km/hr = 60 km
15t km/hr = 60 km
\dfrac{60 km}{15km/hr}
t=4
Examples
8.) 4 hours
Bill
rate = 30 kph
time = t + 4
distance = 30(t + 4) kph
John
rate = 60 kph
time = t
distance = 60t kph

Distance 1(Bill) = Distance 2(John)

30(t + 4) = 60t
30t + 120 = 60t
30t – 60t = -120
-30t = -120
\dfrac{-120}{-30}
t = 4 hours
Examples
9.) 4 hours
Car A
rate = 40 kph
time = t + 2
distance = 40(t + 2) kph
Car B
rate = 60 kph
time = t
distance = 60t kph
Distance 1(Car A) = Distance 2(Car B)
40(t + 2) = 60t
40t + 80 = 60t
40t – 60t = -80
-20t = -80
\dfrac{-80}{-20}
t = 4 hours
Examples
10.) 262.5 Kilometers
D = RT
D = 75kph × 3.5hrs
D = 262.5 km

10.) 2 hours and 30 minutes or 2 1/2 hours

Car
rate = 40 mph
time = t
distance = 40t mph
Bus
rate = 60 mph
time = t
distance = 60t mph

Distance 1(Car) + Distance 2(Bus) = Total distance

40tm/hr + 60t m/hr =250 m
100t m/hr = 250 m
t= (250 m)/(100 m/hr)
t=2.5 hrs or 2 hrs and 30 minutes
Area and perimeter
In Math, are two important properties of two-dimensional shapes.
Perimeter defines the distance of the boundary of the shape
whereas area explains the region occupied by it.

Area and Perimeter is important topic in Mathematics, which is

used in everyday life. This is applicable to any shape and size
whether it is regular or irregular. Every shape has its own area and
perimeter formula. You must have learned about different shapes
such as triangle, square, rectangle, circle, sphere, etc. The area and
perimeter of all shapes are explained here.
What is Area?
The area is the region bounded by the shape of an object. The space covered by
the figure or any two-dimensional geometric shape, in a plane, is the area of the
shape. The area of all the shapes depends upon their dimensions and properties.
Different shapes have different areas. The area of the square is different from
the area of a kite.

If two objects have a similar shape then it’s not necessary that the area covered
by them will be equal unless and until the dimensions of both shapes are also
equal. Suppose, there are two rectangle boxes, with length as L1 and L2 and
breadth as B1 and B2. So the areas of both the rectangular boxes, say A1 and A2
will be equal only if L1=L2 and B1=B2.
What is Perimeter?
Perimeter of a shape is defined as the total distance around the shape. Basically,
perimeter is the length of any shape if it is expanded in a linear form. A
perimeter is a total distance that encompasses a shape, in a 2d plane. The
perimeter of different shapes can match in length with each other depending
upon their dimensions.

For example, if a circle is made of a metal wire of length L, then the same wire
we can use to construct a square, whose sides are equal in length.
What is the Difference Between Area and Perimeter?

Area Perimeter

Perimeter is total distance covered by

Area is the region occupied by a shape
the boundary of a shape
Area is measured in square units (m2, Perimeter is measured in units (m, cm,
cm2, in2, etc.) in, feet, etc.)

Example: Area of rectangular ground is Example: Perimeter of a rectangular

equal to product of its length and ground is equal to sum of all its four
breadth.  boundaries, i.e, 2(length + breadth).
Example 1:
If the radius of a circle is 21cm. Find its area and circumference.

Solution:

Given, radius = 21cm

Therefore, Area = π × r2

A = 22/7 × 21 × 21

A = 1386 sq.cm.

Circumference, C = 2πr

C = 2 x 22/7 x 21 = 132 cm
Example 2:
If the length of the side of a square is 11cm. Then find its area and also find the total length of its
boundary.

Solution:

Given, length of the side, a = 11 cm

Area = a2 = 112 = 121 sq.cm

Total length of its boundary, Perimeter = 4a = 4 x 11 = 44 sq.cm.

Example 3:
The length of the rectangular field is 12m and the width is 10m. Find the area of the field along
with its perimeter.

Solution:

Given, Length = 12m

Width = 10m

Therefore, Area = length x width = 12 x 10 = 120 sq.m.

Perimeter = 2 (length + width) = 2 x (12 + 10) = 2 x 22 = 44 m.