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CHAPTER 4
STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE
(SQL)
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Structured Query Language

 SQL,short for Structured Query Language is a

simple programming language used for accessing and
managing data in relational databases.
 SQL can be divided into two parts:
 The Data Manipulation Language (DML)
 The Data Definition Language (DDL).
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Types of SQL

 DML
 Retrieving and updating data.
 Example : SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT.

 DDL
 Defining the database structure and controlling access the
data.
 Example: CREATE , ALTER , DROP.
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Used of SQL

 Allow user to create database and relation structure

 Perform basic data management tasks, such as the
insertion, modification, and deletion of data from the
relations
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DDL

 The Data Definition Language (DDL) is used to create

and destroy databases and database objects.
 These commands will primarily be used by database
administrators during the setup and removal phases of a
database project.
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Creating Database and Table

 Create database
 Syntax: CREATE DATABASE database_name;
 Example : CREATE DATABASE Company;

 Create table
 Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name1 data type1 [NULL|NOT NULL],
column_name1 data type2 …….
);
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Create Table : Example

CREATE TABLE worker

(
workerno VARCHAR (5) NOT NULL,
workername VARCHAR (15),
position VARCHAR (15),
address VARCHAR (20),
entrydate DATE,
tel_no VARCHAR (7),
salary DECIMAL (7,0),
PRIMARY KEY (workerno)
);
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WORKER TABLE
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Another Table : Building

CREATE TABLE building

(
buildno VARCHAR( 5 ) NOT NULL,
address VARCHAR( 20 ) ,
city VARCHAR( 10 ) ,
buildtype VARCHAR( 10 ) ,
roomno INT,
rent DECIMAL( 4, 0 ) ,
workerno VARCHAR( 5 ) ,
PRIMARY KEY ( buildno ) ,
FOREIGN KEY ( workerno ) REFERENCES worker
);
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BUILDING TABLE
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DROP DATABASE/TABLE

 DROP DATABASE
 Syntax: DROP database database_name;
 Example: DROP DATABASE company;

 DROP TABLE
 Syntax: DROP TABLE table_name;
 Example: DROP TABLE worker;

**Will delete the entire table.

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ALTER TABLE

 ALTER TABLE statement is used to add or drop columns in

an existing table.
 Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype

ALTER TABLE table_name

DROP COLUMN column_name
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Example: Add column

 Consider this table:

Person
LastName FirstName Address
Pettersen Kari Storgt 20

 Add column “City” in the Person table:

ALTER TABLE Person
ADD City VARCHAR (10);
 Result:
LastName FirstName Address City
Pettersen Kari Storgt 20  
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Example: Delete column

 To delete “Address” column in the Person table:

ALTER TABLE Person DROP COLUMN Address ;

 Result:
LastName FirstName City
Pettersen Kari  
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DML

 Data Manipulation Language (DML) is a family of computer

languages used by computer programs and/or database users to
insert, delete and update data in a database.
 Data Manipulation Language comprises the 'SQL-data change'
statements, which modify stored data but not the schema or database
objects.
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Insert statement

 INSERT INTO - used to insert new rows into a table.

 Syntax:

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2,…)

VALUES (value1, value2,…);

 Enter data to each column:

INSERT INTO worker

VALUES ('A07', 'ALI', 'ASSISTANT MANAGER', 'KLANG', '2000-05-

13', '7891', '4000');
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Update statement

 The UPDATE statement is used to modify the data in a table.

 Syntax:
UPDATE table_name
SET column_name = new_value
WHERE column_name = some_value
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Example : Update

 Person
LastName FirstName Address City
Nilsen Fred Kirkegt 56 Stavanger
Rasmussen   Storgt 67  

 Update one Column in a Row

 Add a first name to the person with a last name of "Rasmussen":

UPDATE Person
SET FirstName = 'Nina‘
WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen‘;
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Example : Update

 Result:
LastName FirstName Address City
Nilsen Fred Kirkegt 56 Stavanger
Rasmussen Nina Storgt 67  
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Example : Update

 Update several columns in a row:

 If we want to change the address and name of the city:

UPDATE Person
SET Address = 'Stien 12', City =‘Stavanger’
WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen'

 Result:

LastName FirstName Address City

Nilsen Fred Kirkegt 56 Stavanger
Rasmussen Nina Stien 12 Stavanger
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Example : Update

 Update more than one row at a time :

 If we want to change name of the city from Stavanger to Milan:

UPDATE Person
SET City = ‘Milan’;
 Result:

LastName FirstName Address City

Nilsen Fred Kirkegt 56 Milan
Rasmussen Nina Stien 12 Milan
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Delete statement

 DELETE – to delete rows in a table.

 Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE column_name = some_value;
 Consider this table:
LastName FirstName Address City
Nilsen Fred Kirkegt 56 Stavanger
Rasmussen Nina Stien 12 Stavanger
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Example

 To delete a row – deleting Nina Rassmussen record.

DELETE FROM Person
WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen‘;

 Result:

LastName FirstName Address City

Nilsen Fred Kirkegt 56 Stavanger
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Example

 To delete all rows:

 Itis possible to delete all rows in a table without deleting
the table. This means that the table structure, attributes, and
indexes will be intact:
DELETE FROM table_name
Or
DELETE * FROM table_name
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SQL QUERIES
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SQL QUERIES

 With SQL, we can query a database and have a result set

returned.
 All queries are based on the SELECT command.
 Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name;

* SELECT, FROM can be written in lower case.

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Example

 Consider this table:

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Example: SELECT

 Select all columns:

SELECT *
FROM worker;
Result: will display the entire table.
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Example: SELECT

 Select certain columns:

SELECT workerno, workername
FROM worker;
 Result:
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SELECT DISTINCT statement

 The DISTINCT keyword is used to return only distinct (different) values.

 Consider this table: worker
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SELECT DISTINCT statement

 If we use: SELECT address FROM worker;

address
CHERAS
result
BANGI
BANGI
AMPANG
BANGI
KAJANG
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SELECT DISTINCT statement

 If we use:
SELECT DISTINCT address FROM worker;
 Result:
address
CHERAS
BANGI
AMPANG
KAJANG
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Calculated field

 Example:
SELECT workerno, workername, salary /2
FROM worker;
 Result:
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Rename column

 To rename a column, use AS statement.

 Example:
SELECT workerno AS Number, workername AS Name
FROM worker;
 Result:
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SQL WHERE clause

 WHERE clause is to specify a selection criterion.

 Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE conditions;
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SQL WHERE clause

 With WHERE clause, the following operators can be used:

Operator Description
= Equal
<> Not equal
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal
BETWEEN Between an inclusive range
LIKE Search for a pattern
IN If you know the exact value you
want to return for at least one of
the columns

*in some versions of SQL, <>

operator may be written as !=
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Simple Queries…

 List all the workers you earn more than 4000.

SELECT workername, salary
FROM worker
WHERE salary >4000;
 Result:
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Simple Queries…
 List all worker who live in Bangi or Kajang.
SELECT workername, address
FROM worker
WHERE address = 'Bangi'
OR address = 'Kajang‘;
 Result: *OR is used to join two or
more conditions.
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Simple Queries…

 List worker who live in Bangi and her name is Ani

SELECT workername, address
FROM worker
WHERE workername = ‘Ani'
AND address = ‘Bangi‘;
 Result: *OR is used to join two or
more conditions.
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Simple Queries…

 List all the worker who earn between 3000 to 9000.

SELECT workername, salary
FROM worker
WHERE salary BETWEEN 3000 AND 9000;
 Result:
*BETWEEN…AND operator selects a
range of data between two values.
*can be numbers, texts or dates.
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Simple Queries…

 List the Director and Vice Director.

SELECT workername, position
FROM worker
WHERE position *IN can be used if you know
IN ('DIRECTOR', 'VICE DIRECTOR'); the exact value that you
 Result: seek for at least one of the
columns.
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Simple Queries…

 List the worker who is not living in Bangi.

SELECT workername, address
FROM worker
WHERE address NOT
IN ('BANGI');
Or
SELECT workername, address
FROM worker
WHERE address <> 'BANGI‘;
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 Result:
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LIKE condition

 LIKE - used to specify a search for a pattern in a column.

 A "%" sign can be used to define wildcards (missing letters in the pattern) both before
and after the pattern.

 Using LIKE:

a) The following SQL statement will return persons with first names that start with an 'O':

SELECT *

FROM Persons

WHERE FirstName

LIKE 'O%' ;
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LIKE condition

b)The following SQL statement will return persons with first names that end with an 'a':

SELECT * FROM Staff

WHERE FirstName

LIKE '%a' ;

c)The following SQL statement will return persons with first names that contain the pattern 'la':

SELECT *

FROM Staff

WHERE FirstName

LIKE '%la%' ;
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Simple Queries…

 Find worker who doesn’t have phone number.

 Consider this table : worker
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Simple Queries…

SELECT workername, tel_no

FROM worker
WHERE tel_no IS NULL;
 Result:
SORTING DATA

 The ORDER BY clause is used to sort the

rows.
 Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name [ASC|DESC];

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SORTING DATA

 ORDERS table:
Company OrderNumber
Sega 3412 SELECT Company, OrderNumber
ABC Shop 5678 FROM Orders
W3Schools 6798 ORDER BY Company;
W3Schools 2312

 Example: to display the company names in

alphabetical order:

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SORTING DATA

 Result:
Company OrderNumber
ABC Shop  5678 SELECT Company, OrderNumber
Sega 3412 FROM Orders
W3Schools 6798 ORDER BY Company, OrderNumber;
W3Schools 2312

 Example: to display the company names in

alphabetical order AND the OrderNumber in
numerical order:

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SORTING DATA

 Result:
Company OrderNumber
ABC Shop 5678 SELECT Company, OrderNumber
Sega 3412 FROM Orders
W3Schools 2312 ORDER BY Company DESC;
W3Schools 6798

 Example: To display the company names in

reverse alphabetical order:

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SORTING DATA

 Result:
Company OrderNumber
W3Schools 6798
SELECT Company, OrderNumber
W3Schools 2312 FROM Orders
Sega 3412 ORDER BY OrderNumber ASC;
ABC Shop 5678

 Example: To display the order number in

ascending order:

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SORTING DATA

 Result:
Company OrderNumber
W3Schools 2312
Sega 3412
ABC Shop 5678
W3Schools 6798

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AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

 Some basic SQL aggregate functions:

FUNCTION OUTPUT
COUNT Return the number of rows containing not null values
SUM The sum of all values for a selected attribute in a given
column
AVG Return average of values in a specified column
MAX Return largest of value in a specified column
MIN Return smallest of valuesin a specified column

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AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

 AVG and SUM - Can be used for

numeric data only
 COUNT, MAX and MIN - Can be used for numeric and non-numeric
data.

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AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

 COUNT EXAMPLE:
 Calculate the number of employees who lives in
Bangi.
SELECT COUNT( ADDRESS ) AS Live_in_Bangi
FROM worker
WHERE ADDRESS = 'BANGI';

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Explain the difference…

Company OrderNumber
Sega 3412
ABC Shop 5678 SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT
company) AS Company
W3Schools 6798
W3Schools 2312 FROM customer_order;

SELECT COUNT(company)
AS Company
FROM customer_order;

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AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

 SUM EXAMPLE:
SELECT worker no, SUM( rent ) AS RENT
FROM building
WHERE workerno = 'A02‘;

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AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

 MAX, MIN AND AVERAGE EXAMPLE:

SELECT
min( salary ) AS MIN,
max( salary ) AS MAX,
avg( salary ) AS SALARY
FROM worker;

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GROUP BY…

 GROUP BY... was added to SQL because aggregate

functions (like SUM) return the aggregate of all column
values every time they are called, and without the GROUP
BY function it was impossible to find the sum for each
individual group of column values.
 Syntax:
SELECT column, SUM(column)
FROM table
GROUP BY column ;
* SUM can be changed with another aggregate functions

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Example
 Sales table:
Company Amount
W3Schools 5500
IBM 4500
W3Schools 7100

 Finding the sales amount for each company:

SELECT Company, SUM(Amount) FROM Sales;

 Is this correct? Why?

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Example

SELECT Company, SUM(Amount)

FROM Sales
GROUP BY Company;

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HAVING…

 HAVING... was added to SQL because the WHERE

keyword could not be used against aggregate
functions (like SUM), and without HAVING... it
would be impossible to test for result conditions.
 HAVING clause is used to filter data based on the
group functions. This is similar to WHERE
condition but is used with group functions.
 Syntax:
SELECT column, SUM(column)
FROM table
GROUP BY column
HAVING SUM (column) condition value;
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Example…
 Sales:
Company Amount
W3Schools 5500
IBM 4500
W3Schools 7100

SELECT company, SUM( amount )

FROM sales
GROUP BY company
HAVING SUM( amount ) >10000;

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Accessing multiple tables

 to access multiple tables, we can use:

 Join

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Join tables