INTRODUCTION

TO NUMBER CS312 – Architecture &

Organization

SYSTEM
 NUMBER SYSTEM

A set of values used to

represent different quantities
is known as “Number
System”
 EXAMPLE
o A number system can be used to represent the
number of students in a class or number of viewers
watching a certain TV program etc.
o The digital computer represents all kinds of data and
information in binary numbers.
o It includes audio, graphics, video, text and numbers.
o The total number of digits used in a number system is
called its base or radix.
 TYPE OF NUMBER SYSTEM

oDecimal Number System

oBinary Number System
oOctal Number System
oHexadecimal Number System
 DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
oThe number system that we use in our day-to-day
life is the decimal number system.
oDecimal number system has base 10 as it uses 10
digits from 0 to 9.
oIn decimal number system, the successive
positions to the left of the decimal point
represent units, tens, hundreds, thousands and so
on.
 CONT….
oEach position represents a specific power of base
(10).
oFor example, the decimal number 1234 consists of
the
4 in the units position,
3 in the tens position,
2 in the hundreds position,
1 in the thousands position,
And its value can be written as
 DECIMAL NO.: 1234

 
 System Base Symbols

Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9

Binary 2 0, 1

Octal 8 0, 1, … 7

Hexa-decimal 16 0, 1, … 9,
A,B, … F
 BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

Characteristics of binary number system are as follows:

❖Uses two digits, 0 and 1.

❖Base 2 number system
❖Each position in a binary number represents a 0 power
of the base (2). Example 2º
❖Last position in a binary number represents a x power of
the base (2). Example 2x where x represents the last
position -1.
 CALCULATING DECIMAL
EQUIVALENT
Binary Number : 10101₂
Step Binary Decimal
Number Number
Step 1 10101₂ ((1 x 2⁴) + (0 x
23) + (1 x 22) + (0
x 21) + (1 x 20))₁₀

Step 2 10101₂ (16 + 0 + 4 + 0

+ 1) ₁₀
Step 3 10101₂ 21₁₀
 OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM
Characteristics of octal number system are as follows:

❖Uses eight digits, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

❖Also called base 8 number system
❖Each position in an octal number represents a 0 power of
the base (8). Example 80
❖Last position in an octal number represents a x power of
the base (8). Example 8x where x represents the last position
– 1.
 CALCULATING DECIMAL
Example EQUIVALENT
Octal Number : 12570₈
Step Octal Number Decimal Number
Step 1 12570₈ ((1x84) + (2x83) +
(5x82) + (7x81) +
(0x80))₁₀
Step 2 12570₈ (4096 + 1024 +
320 + 56 + 0) ₁₀
Step 3 12570₈ 5496₁₀
 HEXADECIMAL NUMBER
SYSTEM
❖Uses 10 digits and 6 letters,
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F.
❖Letters represents numbers starting from 10.
A=10. B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15.
❖Also called base 16 number system
❑Each position in a hexadecimal number represents
a 0 power of the (16).
Example 160
❑Last position in a hexadecimal number represents
a x power of the base (16).
Example 16x where x represents the last position -1.
 CALCULATING DECIMAL
Example EQUIVALENT
❑Hexadecimal Number : 19FDE₁₆
Step Binary Number Decimal Number
Step 1 19FDE₁₆ ((1x164) + (9x163) +
(Fx162) + (Dx161) +
(Ex160))₁₀

Step 2 19FDE₁₆ ((1x164) + (9x163) +

(15x162) + (13x161) +
(14x160))₁₀

Step 3 19FDE₁₆ (65536+36864+3840+

208+14) ₁₀
Step 4 19FDE₁₆ 106462₁₀
CONVERSION OF NUMBER
SYSTEM
 DECIMAL TO OTHER BASE
SYSTEM
Step 1 – Divide the decimal number to be converted
by the value of the new base.
Step 2 – Get the remainder from step 1 as the
rightmost digit (least significant digit) of new base
number.
Step 3 – Divide the quotient of the previous divide by
the new base.
Step 4 – Record the remainder from Step 3 as the
next digit (to the left) of the new base number.
o Repeat Steps 3 and 4, getting remainders from
right to left, until quotient becomes zero in Step 3
o The last remainder thus obtained will be the most
significant digit (MSD) of the new base number.
 DECIMAL NUMBER : 29

Step Operation Result Remainder

Step 1 29/2 14 1
Step 2 14/2 7 0
Step 3 7/2 3 1
Step 4 3/2 1 1
Step 5 ½ 0 1
❖As mentioned in steps 2 and 4, the remainders
have to be arranged in the reverse order so that
the first remainder becomes the least significant
digit (LSD) and the last remainder becomes the
most significant digit (MSD).
❖Decimal Number : 29₁₀ = Binary Number : 11101₂
 CONVERTING A NUMBER OF ANOTHER
BASE TO A DECIMAL NUMBER

Method

Step 1: Determine the column (positional) value of each digit

Step 2: Multiply the obtained column values by the digits in
the corresponding columns
Step 3: Calculate the sum of these products
 CONVERTING A NUMBER OF ANOTHER
BASE TO A DECIMAL NUMBER
Example
 CONVERTING A NUMBER OF SOME BASE
TO A NUMBER OF ANOTHER BASE

Method

Step 1:Convert the original number to a decimal

number (base 10)
Step 2:Convert the decimal number so obtained to
the new base number
 CONVERTING A NUMBER OF SOME
BASE TO A NUMBER OF ANOTHER BASE