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10 Types of Claims

This document discusses three main types of claims used in argumentation: claims of fact, claims of value, and claims of policy. Claims of fact make assertions about measurable topics in the past, present or future. Claims of value make judgments about subjective topics like morality or aesthetics. Claims of policy advocate for specific courses of action to address problems. Examples are provided for each type of claim to illustrate the distinctions between them.

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143 views24 pages

10 Types of Claims

This document discusses three main types of claims used in argumentation: claims of fact, claims of value, and claims of policy. Claims of fact make assertions about measurable topics in the past, present or future. Claims of value make judgments about subjective topics like morality or aesthetics. Claims of policy advocate for specific courses of action to address problems. Examples are provided for each type of claim to illustrate the distinctions between them.

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Types of Claims: Establishing

Purpose and Organization

Claims of Fact
Claims of Value
Claims of Policy
Claim of Fact
Fact Claims

● A fact claim is an argumentative thesis


which makes a quantifiable assertion; in
other words, it is an argument (claim) about a
measurable topic (fact).
Claims of Fact:

● A fact claim is a statement about how


things were in the past, how they are in the
present, or how they will be in the future.
● A fact claim is not a fact; it only claims to be
a fact. What makes it arguable is that the
speaker has no direct way of establishing the
truth of the claim.
Claims of Fact:

● Factual claims attempt to persuade you that


something existed, exists, or will exist or
about what caused something to exist.
Claims of Fact:

● Did it happen?
● Does it exist?
● Is it true?
● Is it a fact?
Claims of Fact:

● For example, "The Earth is round" is a fact


claim. "In our right-handed world, left-handed
people are discriminated against" is a fact
claim.
Fact Claim
● When you insist a paper was turned in on time even
if the professor cannot find it, or that you were not
exceeding the speed limit when a police officer
claims that you were, you are making claims of fact.
● These are central to court room debate since
lawyers argue about what happened in order to
prove innocence or guilt.
● Historians also argue about what happened as they
sort through historical evidence to try to establish
historical fact.
Fact Claims:

● Women are as effective as men in combat.


● The ozone layer is becoming depleted.
● Increasing population threatens the
environment.
● Bigfoot exists in remote areas.
● Men need women to civilize them.
Fact Claims

● Note that all these claims are statements of


fact, but not everyone would agree with
them.
● They are all controversial.
● The facts in these claims need to be proved
as either absolutely or probably true in order
to be acceptable to an audience.
Claim of Value
Claims of Value:
● A value claim is an argumentative thesis which
makes a qualifiable assertion; in other words, it is an
argument (claim) about a moral, aesthetic, or
philosophical topic (value).
● Value claims are arguable statements concerning the
relative merits of something which is measured
subjectively
● "Hawaii is a better place to go for summer vacation
than Colorado.“
Claims of Value:

● What makes a value claim arguable is that


different people may disagree on the criteria
used to evaluate something (e.g., weather,
live entertainment, water sports).
● Value claims attempt to persuade you to
approve or disapprove of something.
Claims of Value:
● Is it good or bad?
● How bad?
● How good?
● Of what worth is it?
● Is it moral or immoral?
● Who thinks so?
● What do those people value?
● What values or criteria should I use to determine its
goodness or badness?
Value Claims

● When you claim that sororities and


fraternities are the best extracurricular
organizations for college students to yoin,
you are making a claim of value.
● Claims of value, as their name implies, aim at
establishing whether the item being
discussed is either good or bad, valuable or
not valuable, desirable or not desirable.
Value Claims

● It is often necessary to establish criteria for


goodness or badness in these arguments
and then to apply them to the subject to
show why something should be regarded as
either good or bad.
Value Claims: Examples

● Public school are better than private schools


● Science Fiction novels are more intereesting
to read than romance novels
● Dogs make the best pets
● Mercy Killing is immoral
● Computers are a valuable addition to modern
society
● Viewing television is a wasteful activity
Value Claims: Examples

● Contributions of homemakers are as


valuable as those of professional women
● Animal rights are as important as human
rights
Claim of Policy
Claims of Policy:
● A policy claim is a statement regarding the merits
of a course of action.
● Policy claims attempt to persuade you or your
government to take some action or change a
behavior usually to solve a problem.
● A policy claim is an argumentative thesis which
makes an assertion about a course of action the
reader should take; in other words, it is an
argument (claim) about an actionable topic
(policy).
Claims of Policy:

● What should we do about it?


● How should we act?
● What should our future policy be?
● How can we solve this problem?
● What concrete course of action should we
pursue to solve the problem?
Policy Claims

● When you claim that all new students should


attend orientation or that all students who
graduate should participate in graduation
ceremonies, you are making claims of policy.
● A claim of policy often describes a problem
and then suggests ways to solve it.
Policy Claims: Examples

● We should stop spending so much on


prisons and start spending more on
education
● Children in low-income families should
receive medical insurance from the
government
● Social security should be distributed on the
basis of need rather than as an entitlement
Policy Claims: Examples

● Every person in the United States should


have access to health care
● Film-makers and recording groups should
make objectionable language and subject
matter known to prospective sonsumers

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