MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE

BODIES
 MODULE 3-1
AXIAL AND THERMAL
STRAINS
Axial Strain

• The deformation that occurs in an object due to axial loading(s).

• After the axial deformation, the cross-sectional area of the plane will remain unchanged.

• Axial deformation depends upon the position of cross section, which is perpendicular to longitudinal axis.

δ
𝑃
Back in the stress-strain diagram, analyzing the linear portion, stress is said to be proportional to strain
and is given by the equation:

σ = Eε Hooke’s Law

𝑃 𝛿 𝑃
since σ = and ε =
𝐴 𝛿
, then =E
𝐿 𝐴
𝐿
𝜹 = 𝑷𝑳 = 𝝈𝑳
𝑨𝑬 𝑬

Conditions:

• The load is axial.

• The cross-section area of the bar is uniform.

• The stress must not exceed the proportional limit.

 If, however, the cross-sectional area is not uniform, the axial deformation can be determined by
considering a differential length and applying integration.

Derivation of Formula:
L
𝑃 𝑃
𝜎= 𝑑𝛿
𝐴 =
𝐸𝐴 P
𝑑𝛿 𝑑𝑥 𝑃
𝜀 = 𝑑𝛿 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝐸𝐴

𝑃 𝐿 dx
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 න 𝑑𝛿 = න 𝑑𝑥 X y
0 𝐸𝐴

t
𝑷 • Where A = ty, and if variable, must be expressed in dx
𝑬𝒅𝒙𝟎
𝑳 𝑨 terms of x.
✿= න
For a rod of unit mass ρ that is suspended vertically from one end, the total elongation due to its own weight
is

𝝆𝒈𝑳𝟐
𝑴𝒈𝑳
𝜹= =
Where:
𝟐𝑬
𝟐𝑨𝑬
ρ – unit mass in kg/𝑚 3
L – length of the rod in mm
M – total mass of the rod in kg
A – cross-sectional area of the rod in 𝑚𝑚2
g = 9.81 m/𝑠 2.

Stiffness is the property of a material that resists its deformation in applied load. It has the unit of N/mm.

𝑷
𝒌=
𝜹
Problem 1: A rigid bar XYZ as shown in the figure below is hinged at X and is supported at Y. If the stress in the steel rod is
limited to 50 ksi and the deformation of end Z must not exceed 0.5 in, determine the largest possible load P that can
be applied at point Z.

Based on maximum stress of steel rod:

Σ𝑀𝑋 = 0
Steel
L = 3 ft 6P = 2𝑃𝑠𝑡
A=
0.50 P = 0.33333𝑃𝑠𝑡
𝒊𝒏𝟐
E = 29 P = 0.33333𝜎𝑠𝑡𝐴𝑠𝑡
X Y x 𝟏𝟎𝟔 Z
psi P = 0.33333[50(0.50)]
P = 8.333
2 ft 4 ft kips
P
Problem 1: A rigid bar XYZ as shown in the figure below is hinged at X and is supported at Y. If the stress in the steel rod is
limited to 50 ksi and the deformation of end Z must not exceed 0.5 in, determine the largest possible load P that can
be applied at point Z.

Based on movement at C:

𝑷𝒔𝒕 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝐿 = 0.16667 𝑖𝑛

X 2 ft Y 4 ft Z 𝐴𝐸

𝑃𝑠𝑡(3 x12)
𝜹𝒔𝒕 P = 0.16667 𝑖𝑛
0.50(29 x 106)

𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 67,130.97222 lb

in
0.5
Σ𝑀𝑋 = 0
By ratio and proportion:
6P = 2𝑃𝑠 𝑡
0.5
𝛿𝑠𝑡 =
2 6

𝛿𝑠𝑡 = 0.16667 in
Problem 1: A rigid bar XYZ as shown in the figure below is hinged at X and is supported at Y. If the stress in the steel rod is
limited to 50 ksi and the deformation of end Z must not exceed 0.5 in, determine the largest possible load P that can
be applied at point Z.

Based on movement at C:

𝑷𝒔𝒕
X 2 ft Y 4 ft Z

6P = 2𝑃𝑠 𝑡
P
𝜹𝒔𝒕
P =
0.33333(67,130.97222)

in
0.5
P = 22,376.767 lb = 22.377 kips

*Use the smaller value, therefore:

By ratio and proportion:
P = 8.333 kips
0.5
𝛿𝑠𝑡 =
2 6

𝛿𝑠𝑡 = 0.16667 in
Problem 2: As shown in the figure below, a bronze bar is affixed between a steel bar and an aluminum bar. Axial loads are applied
at the positions indicated. Find the largest value of P that will not exceed an overall deformation of 4.0 mm, or the
following stresses: 150 MPa in the steel, 130 MPa in the bronze, and 90 MPa in the aluminum. Assume that the
assembly is suitably braced to prevent buckling. Use Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa, and Ebr = 83 GPa.

Bronze
Steel A = 700 𝒎𝒎𝟐 Aluminum
A = 570 𝒎𝒎𝟐 A = 370 𝒎𝒎𝟐

P 4P 5P 2P

1.0 m 2.0 m 1.5 m

Problem 2: As shown in the figure below, a bronze bar is affixed between a steel bar and an aluminum bar. Axial loads are applied
at the positions indicated. Find the largest value of P that will not exceed an overall deformation of 4.0 mm, or the
following stresses: 150 MPa in the steel, 130 MPa in the bronze, and 90 MPa in the aluminum. Assume that the
assembly is suitably braced to prevent buckling. Use Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa, and Ebr = 83 GPa.

Steel Bronze Based on allowable stresses:

Aluminum
A = 570 𝒎𝒎𝟐 A = 700 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝟐
A = 370
Steel:
P 4P 5P 𝒎𝒎 2P 𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 𝜎 𝑠𝑡 𝐴 𝑠𝑡

𝑃 = 150 570 = 85,500 𝑁

1.0 m 2.0 m 1.5 m 𝑷 = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵

𝐏𝒔𝒕 = 𝐏 Bronze: 𝑃𝑏𝑟 = 𝜎 𝑏𝑟 𝐴 𝑏𝑟 3𝑃

P
P
=130 700
𝑷 = 𝟑𝟎, = 91,000
𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝑵𝑁 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑
P 𝑷𝒃𝒓 = 𝟑𝑷
44 𝒌𝑵
P
PP
Aluminum: 𝑃 = 𝜎 𝐴
𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑙

P 44 𝑷𝒂𝒍 = 𝟐𝑷 2𝑃 = 90 370 = 33,300 𝑁

55
PP
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟔, 𝟔𝟓𝟎 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟓
PP
𝒌𝑵
Problem 2: As shown in the figure below, a bronze bar is affixed between a steel bar and an aluminum bar. Axial loads are applied
at the positions indicated. Find the largest value of P that will not exceed an overall deformation of 4.0 mm, or the
following stresses: 150 MPa in the steel, 130 MPa in the bronze, and 90 MPa in the aluminum. Assume that the
assembly is suitably braced to prevent buckling. Use Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa, and Ebr = 83 GPa.

Bronze Based on allowable stresses:

Steel Aluminum
A = 570 𝒎𝒎𝟐 A = 700 𝒎𝒎𝟐
A = 370 𝟐 𝛿 = 𝛿𝑠𝑡 − 𝛿 𝑏𝑟 + 𝛿 𝑎𝑙
P 4P 5P 𝒎𝒎 2P
𝛿= 𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
− +
𝐴𝐸 𝑠𝑡
𝐴𝐸 𝑏𝑟
𝐴𝐸 𝑎
1.0 m 2.0 m 1.5 m 3P 𝑙
𝑃(1,000) 2P (1,500)
4 = − (2,000) +
570(200,000) 700(83,000) 370(70,000)
P 𝐏𝒔𝒕 = 𝐏 1 3
P 4= 3 𝑃
−
+
𝑷114, ,000 𝟓𝟏𝟑.
P 𝑷𝒃𝒓 = 𝟑𝑷 29,050
44 = 𝟏𝟖𝟕, 𝟐𝟖𝟓 𝑵 25,900
= 𝟏𝟖𝟕. 𝟓𝟏𝟑
P
PP 𝒌𝑵

P 𝑷𝒂𝒍 = 𝟐𝑷 *Use the smallest P, therefore:

44 55
P = 16.65 kN
PP PP
Problem 3: The rigid bars AB and CD shown in Fig. 1.1 are supported by pins at A and C and the two rods. Determine the
maximum force P that can be applied as shown if its vertical movement is limited to 7 mm. Neglect the weights of all
members.

Aluminu
Figure 1.1 m L=2
m
A = 500
A B
mm2 E = 70
GPa
3m 3m Steel
L=2m
A = 300
mm2 E =
C D 200 GPa

3m 3m

P
Problem 3: The rigid bars AB and CD shown in Fig. 1.1 are supported by pins at A and C and the two rods. Determine the
maximum force P that can be applied as shown if its vertical movement is limited to 7 mm. Neglect the weights of all
members.

Pal
A 3m 3m B Member AB:
ΣMA = 0;
3Pal = 6Pst
Pst Pal = 2Pst

δ al δB
By R&P:

δB δ al
= P al ( 2000)
δB = 2
6 3 500(70 000)
δ B = 2δ al δB = 1 P al
PL 8750
δB = 2
al
AE
Problem 3: The rigid bars AB and CD shown in Fig. 1.1 are supported by pins at A and C and the two rods. Determine the
maximum force P that can be applied as shown if its vertical movement is limited to 7 mm. Neglect the weights of all
members.

1 P al
δ B = 8750
Pal
A 3m 3m B
1
Since Pal = 2Pst ; δB = 8750 )
(2P st

Pst 1 P st
δ B = 4375

δ al δB
Problem 3: The rigid bars AB and CD shown in Fig. 1.1 are supported by pins at A and C and the two rods. Determine the
maximum force P that can be applied as shown if its vertical movement is limited to 7 mm. Neglect the weights of all
members.

Pst 1 P al
δ B = 8750
C 3m 3m D
1
Since Pal = 2Pst ; δB = 8750 )
(2P st

P 1 P st
δ B = 4375

δP
δD
Member CD:

δ𝐷 = δ st + δ𝐵
PL 1
δ𝐷 = +
st 4375 P st
AE
δ𝐷 = Ps t ( 2000) + 1
4375 P st
300(200 000)
Problem 3: The rigid bars AB and CD shown in Fig. 1.1 are supported by pins at A and C and the two rods. Determine the
maximum force P that can be applied as shown if its vertical movement is limited to 7 mm. Neglect the weights of all
members.

Pst
11
δ𝐷 = Pst
C 3m 3m D
42000

ΣMC = 0;
P 6Pst = 3P

δP Pst = 0.5P
δD
By R&P:

δP δD
=
7 11
= 84000
3 6
( 0.5P )
δ P = 0.5δD 11
δ P = 0.5 42000 P st P = 106909. 091 N
Problem 4: The rigid bar ABC, attached to two vertical rods as shown in Fig 2.1, is horizontal before the load P is applied.
Determine the vertical movement of P if its magnitude is 67 kN.

Figure 2.1

Steel
Aluminu L=4
m L=3 m
m A=
A = 500 300
mm2 B C
mm2
E = 70 E = 200
GPa
3.5 m 2.5GPa
m
A

P = 67
kN
Problem 4: The rigid bar ABC, attached to two vertical rods as shown in Fig 2.1, is horizontal before the load P is applied.
Determine the vertical movement of P if its magnitude is 67 kN.

For
Pal Pst Aluminum:
ΣM = 0;
A B C
C
6Pal = 2.5 (67)

Pal
= 335 kN
3.5 m 2.5 m 12
P = 67
kN
PL
𝑦 δ = AE
δal
δP
δst 335
( × 103 ) ( 3 × 103 )
δal = 12

500 ( 70 000)
67
δal = 28 mm
Problem 4: The rigid bar ABC, attached to two vertical rods as shown in Fig 2.1, is horizontal before the load P is applied.
Determine the vertical movement of P if its magnitude is 67 kN.

For Steel:
Pal Pst
ΣMA = 0; 6Pst = 3.5 (67)
A B C

469
3.5 m 2.5 m Pst = 12 kN
P = 67
kN
PL
𝑦 δ = AE
δal
δP
δst 469
( 12 × 103 ) ( 4 × 103 )
δst =
300 ( 200 000)
δst = 469
180 mm
Problem 4: The rigid bar ABC, attached to two vertical rods as shown in Fig 2.1, is horizontal before the load P is applied.
Determine the vertical movement of P if its magnitude is 67 kN.

Pal Pst
By R&P:
A B C 𝑦 469 67
- 67
= 180 28 ; mm
𝑦= 540
3.5 m 2.5 m 3.5 6
P = 67
kN
δ B = vertical movement of P
𝑦 67
δal
δP δB =
28
+𝑦
δ st
δB = 67
+
67

28 540
δ B = 2.517 mm (elongation)
Problem 5: The copper shaft is subjected to the axial loads shown. Determine the displacement of end A with respect to end D if the
diameters of each segment are dAB = 20 mm, dBC = 25 mm, and dCD = 15 mm. Take Ecu = 126 GPa.

Figure 3.1

= 36 kN = 9 kN = 27 kN
PAB PBC PCD

PL
δ=෍
AE
1 PL PL
δ= PL +
+
E A A A
AB BC CD

1 (−36 × 103 ) ( 2000) + ( 9 × 103 ) ( 3750)

δ=
126 × 103 ( 4𝜋 )(20)2 ( 4𝜋 )(25)2

+ ( 27× 103 ) ( 2500)

( 4𝜋 )(15)2

δ = 1.758 mm (elongation)
Problem 6: A rigid block is supported by three symmetrically spaced rods as shown in the figure. Each copper rod has an area of 900
mm2; E = 120 GPa; and the allowable stress is 90 MPa. The steel rod has an area of 1200 mm2; E = 200 GPa; and the
allowable stress is 120 MPa. Determine the largest mass M which can be supported.

𝛿 𝑐𝑜 = 𝛿𝑠𝑡
𝜎𝐿 𝜎𝐿
=
𝐸 𝐸 𝑠
𝑐
𝑜 𝑡
𝜎𝑐𝑜 (160) 𝜎𝑠𝑡
(240)
=
120000 200000

10𝜎𝑐𝑜 = 9𝜎𝑠𝑡

If 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 120 𝑀𝑃𝑎,

9
𝜎𝑐𝑜 = 10 (120)

𝜎𝑐𝑜 = 108 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 70 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Problem 6: A rigid block is supported by three symmetrically spaced rods as shown in the figure. Each copper rod has an area of 900
mm2; E = 120 GPa; and the allowable stress is 90 MPa. The steel rod has an area of 1200 mm2; E = 200 GPa; and the
allowable stress is 120 MPa. Determine the largest mass M which can be supported.

If 𝜎𝑐𝑜 = 90 𝑀𝑃𝑎,

10
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 9 (90)

𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 100 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Use 𝜎𝑐𝑜 = 90 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 100 𝑀𝑃𝑎

෍ 𝐹𝑣 = 0

2𝑃𝑐𝑜 + 𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 𝑊

2(𝜎 𝑐 𝑜 𝐴 𝑐 𝑜 ) + 𝜎 𝑠𝑡 𝐴 𝑠𝑡 = 𝑊
= 𝑀(9.81)
2 [70 900 ] + 100 1200
𝑀 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟕𝟔. 𝟒𝟓𝟑 𝒌𝒈
Problem 7: A uniform concrete slab of total weight W is to be attached to two rods. Determine the ratio of the areas of
the rods so that the slab will not move

Steel
Aluminum
𝐄 = 𝟐𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝐩𝐬𝐢
𝐄 = 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝐩𝐬𝐢
𝐋 = 𝟕𝐟𝐭
𝐋 = 𝟓𝐟𝐭

3ft 6ft 1ft

Problem 7: A uniform concrete slab of total weight W is to be attached to two rods. Determine the ratio of the areas of
the rods so that the slab will not move

𝑷𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒔𝒕
Aluminum
:
1
෍ 𝑀𝑎 =0 𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 3 𝑊
𝑙
3ft 2ft 4ft 1ft
6𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 2𝑊
W

Steel:

= 2𝑊
෍ 𝑀𝑠 𝑡 = 0 𝑃𝑎𝑙 3

6𝑃𝑎𝑙 = 4𝑊 δ𝑠𝑡 = δ 𝑎 𝑙
Problem 7: A uniform concrete slab of total weight W is to be attached to two rods. Determine the ratio of the areas of
the rods so that the slab will not move

𝑷𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒔𝒕 𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
=
𝐴𝐸 𝑠
𝐴𝐸 𝑎
𝑡 𝑙
1 2
4ft 1ft W (7 × 12) W (5 × 12)
3ft 2ft 3 3
=
W
A st (29 × 106) A al (10 × 106)
2
W (5 × 12) (29 × 10 )
6
Aal
= 3
1
A st W (7 × 12) (10 × 106)
3

𝑨𝒂 𝒍
𝑨𝒔𝒕
= 𝟒. 𝟏𝟒𝟑
Problem 8: Determine the required diameter if a steel wire is hanging vertically, supports a 500 lb load. The stress and the total
elongation should not exceed 20 ksi and 0.20 in respectively. Assume that E = 29 × 106 psi.

𝑃
σ =𝐴
500
20,000 = 1 2
40ft π𝑑
4

𝑑 = 0.178

500lb Based on allowable

deformation: 𝑃𝐿
d δ =
𝐴𝐸

500 (40 × 12)

0.2 = 1
π𝑑 2 (29 × 106 )
4

𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝒊𝒏
Problem 9: The rigid platform shown in the figure has negligible mass and rests on two steel bars, each 250.00 mm long. The
center bar is aluminum and 249.90 mm long. Compute the stress in the aluminum bar after the center load P = 400
kN has been applied. For each steel bar, the area is 1700 mm2 and E = 200 GPa. For the aluminum bar, the area is
2900 mm2 and E = 70 GPa.

𝛿𝑠𝑡 = 𝛿 𝑎𝑙 + 0.10
0.10 𝜎𝐿 𝜎𝐿
= + 0.10
𝐸 𝐸 𝑎𝑙
𝑠𝑡

𝜎𝑠𝑡
(250)
= 𝜎𝑠𝑡 (249.9) + 0.10

249.90
250
200000 70000
0.00125𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 0.00357𝜎𝑠𝑡 + 0.10

𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 2.856𝜎𝑠𝑡 + 80
Problem 9: The rigid platform shown in the figure has negligible mass and rests on two steel bars, each 250.00 mm long. The
center bar is aluminum and 249.90 mm long. Compute the stress in the aluminum bar after the center load P = 400
kN has been applied. For each steel bar, the area is 1700 mm2 and E = 200 GPa. For the aluminum bar, the area is
2900 mm2 and E = 70 GPa.

෍ 𝐹𝑣 = 0
0.10

2Pst + Pal = 400000

+ 𝜎 𝐴
= 400000
𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑙

249.90
2 𝜎 𝑠𝑡 𝐴 𝑠𝑡

250
2 2.856𝜎𝑎𝑙 + 80 (1800) + 𝜎𝑎𝑙(2900) = 400000

𝜎𝑎𝑙
= 10.150 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Problem 10: Rigid beam ACE is suspended by three bars. Each bar has the same length, L. The bars are made of the same
material and have the same cross-sectional area. Find the stress in each rod in terms of P and A.
Problem 10: Rigid beam ACE is suspended by three bars. Each bar has the same length, L. The bars are made of the same
material and have the same cross-sectional area. Find the stress in each rod in terms of P and A

෍ 𝐹𝑣 = 0

PAB + + PEF = P
PCD

P
෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 0
PEF(2d) + PCD(d) = P(½)(d)

Compatibility Equation:

− 𝛿𝐸𝐹 𝛿𝐶𝐷
− 𝛿𝐸𝐹
𝛿𝐴𝐵 =
2𝑑 𝑑

𝛿𝐴𝐵
− 𝛿𝐸𝐹 = 2 (𝛿𝐶 𝐷
−𝛿𝐸 𝐹 )
= 2𝛿𝐶𝐷 − 𝛿𝐸𝐹
𝛿𝐴𝐵
Problem 10: Rigid beam ACE is suspended by three bars. Each bar has the same length, L. The bars are made of the same
material and have the same cross-sectional area. Find the stress in each rod in terms of P and A

𝛿𝐴𝐵 = 2𝛿𝐶𝐷 − 𝛿𝐸𝐹

𝑃𝐴𝐵 𝐿 = 2𝑃𝐶 𝐷 𝐿 − 𝑃𝐸𝐹 𝐿

𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
𝑃𝐴𝐵 = 2𝑃𝐶𝐷 − 𝑃𝐸𝐹
P
Problem 10: Rigid beam ACE is suspended by three bars. Each bar has the same length, L. The bars are made of the same
material and have the same cross-sectional area. Find the stress in each rod in terms of P and A

1
PEF(2d) + PCD(d) = P(½)(d),
2
PAB + PCD + PEF = P
= 2𝑃𝐶𝐷 − 𝑃𝐸𝐹 3
𝑃𝐴𝐵

Using Eq. 3 & Eq. 2,

P

𝑃𝐶𝐷 = P/3 4

Using Eq. 1 & Eq. 4,

𝑃𝐸𝐹 = P/12 5

Using Eq. 2, Eq. 4, & Eq. 5,

𝑃𝐴𝐵 = 7P/12
Problem 10: Rigid beam ACE is suspended by three bars. Each bar has the same length, L. The bars are made of the same
material and have the same cross-sectional area. Find the stress in each rod in terms of P and A

Member CD:

𝜎𝐶𝐷 = (P/3)/A 𝜎𝐶𝐷 = P/3A

Member EF:

𝑃𝐸𝐹 = (P/12)/A 𝜎𝐸𝐹 = P/12A

P

Member AB:

𝑃𝐴𝐵 = (7P/12)/A 𝜎𝐴𝐵 = 7P/12A

Problem 11: The timber member has a cross-sectional area of 2500 mm2 and its modulus of elasticity is 11 GPa. Compute the
change in the total length of the member after the loads shown are applied.

50 kN 30 kN
A 25 kN
Equilibrium
A
:
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0;
2 m. 4 m. 4 m.
PCD = 25 kN T

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0;
Free Body
Diagram:
−𝑃𝐵 𝐶 +25 −30 =0
𝑷𝑪𝑫
C 25 kN
D
PBC = 5 kN C
30 kN

𝑷 𝑩𝑪 B C D 25 kN
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0;
A
50 kN 30
kN 25 kN
B C
𝑷𝑨𝑩
D −𝑃𝐴 𝐵 +25 −30 +50 = 0

PAB = 45 kN T
Problem 11: The timber member has a cross-sectional area of 2500 mm2 and its modulus of elasticity is 11 GPa. Compute the
change in the total length of the member after the loads shown are applied.

50 kN 30 kN
A 25 kN Compatibility:
A

2 m. 4 m. 4 m. δ = δ𝐶𝐷 −δ𝐵𝐶 +δ𝐴𝐵

𝑃𝐿
δ = ෍ 𝐴𝐸
Free Body
Diagram:

𝑷 𝑪𝑫
25 kN
25 × 103 4000 45 × 103 2000
− 5 × 10 4000
3
30 kN +
25 kN δ = 2500 11 × 103 2500 11 × 103 2500 11 × 103
𝑷 𝑩𝑪
A
50 kN 30 kN
25 kN
𝑷𝑨𝑩
✿ = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟖𝟐 𝒎𝒎 (𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)
Problem 12: A shaft, made of aluminum and steel, is subjected to the axial loads shown. Determine RA and RC if member AB is
made of aluminum, has an area of 2 in2 and E = 10 x 106 psi, and member BC is made of steel, has an area of 4 in2
and E = 30 x 106 psi.

෍ 𝐹𝐻 = 0
1000 lb
RAB RBC
1
- RA - RC + 1000
=0

Compatibility
𝛿𝑇 = 𝛿𝐴𝐵 Equation
+ 𝛿𝐵𝐶 = 0

𝑃𝐴𝐵𝐿𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝐶𝐿𝐵𝐶 = 0
+
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
=0 2
𝑃𝐴𝐵 𝐿𝐴 𝐵 + 𝑃𝐵𝐶 𝐿𝐵𝐶
Problem 12: A shaft, made of aluminum and steel, is subjected to the axial loads shown. Determine RA and RC if member AB is
made of aluminum, has an area of 2 in2 and E = 10 x 106 psi, and member BC is made of steel, has an area of 4 in2
and E = 30 x 106 psi.

PAB = RA 3

PBC + 1000 – RA = 0
1000 lb RB
RA
PBC = RA - 1000 4

Using Eq. 2, Eq. 3 & Eq. 4

𝑃𝐴 𝐵 𝐿𝐴 𝐵 + 𝑃𝐵𝐶 𝐿𝐵𝐶
=0

𝑅𝐴𝐿𝐴𝐵 + (𝑅𝐴−1000)𝐿𝐵𝐶 = 0

𝑅𝐴(12) + (𝑅𝐴−1000)(18) = 0

𝑅𝐴(12 + 18) = 18000

𝑅𝐴 = 600 𝑙𝑏
Problem 12: A shaft, made of aluminum and steel, is subjected to the axial loads shown. Determine RA and RC if member AB is
made of aluminum, has an area of 2 in2 and E = 10 x 106 psi, and member BC is made of steel, has an area of 4 in2
and E = 30 x 106 psi.

Since RA = 600 lb,

- RA - RC + 1000 = 0
1000 lb
RAB RBC
- 600 - RB + 1000 = 0
RC = 400 lb
Problem 13: The rigid bar ABC is supported by a pin at A and a steel rod at B. Determine the largest vertical load
P that can be applied at C if the stress in the steel rod is limited to 45 ksi and the vertical movement of end C must not exceed
0.13 in. Neglect the weights of the members.

Equilibrium:

Free Body Diagram:

P ෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 0;
A B 𝑨𝒚 𝑷𝒔𝒕 7𝑃
C
7𝑃 = 3𝑃𝑠𝑡 give 𝑃𝑠𝑡 =
3
s
𝑨𝒙 σ𝑠𝑡 ≤ 45 𝑘𝑠𝑖:
3 ft. 3 ft. 4 ft.
4 ft.
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = σ 𝑠𝑡 𝐴 𝑠𝑡
𝑷 7𝑃
𝑳 = 𝟓 𝒇𝒕. = 45 × 0.4
3 103
𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝒊𝒏.𝟐 𝑷 = 𝟕𝟕𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟖𝟔 𝒍𝒃
𝑬 = 𝟐𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒑𝒔𝒊
Problem 13: The rigid bar ABC is supported by a pin at A and a steel rod at B. Determine the largest vertical load
P that can be applied at C if the stress in the steel rod is limited to 45 ksi and the vertical movement of end C must not exceed
0.13 in. Neglect the weights of the members.

Movement Diagram: Compatibility:

𝑷𝒔𝒕 By ratio and proportion:

C
A B
𝛿
𝛿𝑠𝑡 𝐶
δ𝐶 = 7
3 ft. 4 ft.
= 7 𝑠
3 𝑃𝐿
7 7 7𝑃𝑡
δ𝐶 = 3 δ𝑠 𝑡 0.13 = 3 3 5 × 12
𝑷
3
δ
𝑠
δ𝐶 0.4 29 × 106
𝑡 𝐴𝐸
𝑃 = 4616.327 𝑙𝑏

Comparing the above two values, 𝑷𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟒𝟔𝟏𝟔. 𝟑𝟐𝟕 𝒍𝒃

(governed by the movement of C)
Problem 14: Consider a steel tube surrounding a solid aluminum cylinder, the assembly being compressed between rigid cover
plates by centrally applied forces. The aluminum cylinder is 0.07 m in diameter and the outside diameter of the steel
tube is 0.1 m. If P = 250 kN, find the stress in the steel and also in the aluminum. For steel, E = 150 GPa and for
aluminum E = 80 GPa.

𝑷 Free Body
Diagram: Equilibrium:

𝑃𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑠𝑡

෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0;

𝐿 Al 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑠𝑡 + 𝑃𝑎𝑙
Al 𝟏

𝑷 𝑷
Problem 14: Consider a steel tube surrounding a solid aluminum cylinder, the assembly being compressed between rigid cover
plates by centrally applied forces. The aluminum cylinder is 0.07 m in diameter and the outside diameter of the steel
tube is 0.1 m. If P = 250 kN, find the stress in the steel and also in the aluminum. For steel, E = 150 GPa and for
aluminum E = 80 GPa.
Compatibility:
Free Body Diagram:
𝑷
𝛿𝑠 𝑡 =
𝑃𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑠𝑡 𝛿𝑃𝐿
𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝐿
=
𝐴𝐸 𝑠
𝐴𝐸 𝑎
𝑡 𝑙

𝑃𝑠𝑡 𝐿 = 𝑃𝑎 𝑙 𝐿
𝐿 𝜋 𝜋
1002 − 702 150 × 103 702 80 × 103

4 4
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 1.95153𝑃𝑎𝑙 𝟐

𝑷 Solving simultaneously eq. (1) and (2)

𝑷
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 0.66119𝑃 and 𝑃𝑎𝑙 = 0.33881𝑃
Problem 14: Consider a steel tube surrounding a solid aluminum cylinder, the assembly being compressed between rigid cover
plates by centrally applied forces. The aluminum cylinder is 0.07 m in diameter and the outside diameter of the steel
tube is 0.1 m. If P = 250 kN, find the stress in the steel and also in the aluminum. For steel, E = 150 GPa and for
aluminum E = 80 GPa.

Free Body Diagram:

𝑷
Since P = 250
𝑃𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑠𝑡 kN,
𝑙
𝑃𝑎𝑙= 84.702 𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 165.298 𝑘𝑁 and

165.298 × 103 84.702 × 103

𝐿 = 𝜋
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 𝜋 𝜎𝑎𝑙
× 1002 − 702 × 702

4 4
𝝈𝒔𝒕 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟐𝟔𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝝈𝒂𝒍 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟗 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝑷
𝑷
Thermal Strain
• An unloaded uniform bar will extend due to a uniform change in the temperature. This extension δT is linearly
proportional to the temperature change. And the strain associated with it is given by the relation

𝛿 𝑇 = 𝛼∆𝑇

• The strain is given by the extension divided by the original length through the standard relation
𝜀 = 𝛿𝑇
𝑙
𝑜

• Combining this and the above expression one gets the relation,

𝛿 𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿(𝑇𝑓 + 𝑇𝑖)=𝛼𝑙𝑜 ∆𝑇
 Temperature changes cause the body to expand or contract

• The amount 𝛿 𝑇 , is given by,

𝛿𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇
Where:
𝛿𝑇 – change in length due to temperature L δT δT
𝛼 – linear coefficient of thermal expansion in m/m°C
∆𝑇– change in temperature (Tf – Ti) in °C
A B
𝐿 – length in meter
B

• Deformation due to equivalent axial stress;

𝛿 𝑇 = 𝛿𝑃

𝑃𝐿
𝛼𝐿∆𝑇 = 𝐴𝐸
𝜎 = 𝐸𝛼∆𝑇
Note:
As the temperature rises above the normal, the rod will be in tension,
and if the temperature drops below the normal, the rod is in compression.
• A temperature change results in a change in length or thermal strain. There is no stress associated with the
thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained by the supports.

L L δT
P

A B B
A
L δT
• A rigid bar shown from the figures. The thermal deformation and
the deformation form the redundant support must be compatible

A B
𝛿 𝑇 = 𝛿𝑃
If the wall yields a distance of x as shown, the following calculations will be made

L δT L δT
P
L L

L
A B A B x
δP
A
𝛿 𝑇 = 𝛿𝑃
A 𝛿 𝑇 = 𝛿𝑃 + 𝑥
A
Problem 1: A steel cylinder is enclosed in a bronze sleeve; both simultaneously support a vertical compressive load of 200 kN
which is applied to the assembly through a horizontal bearing plate. The length of the cylinders and sleeves are
equal. For the steel cylinder, A= 8000 mm2, E= 200 GPa, and α= 11.7 μm/(m°C). For the bronze sleeve, A= 16 x 103
mm2, E= 83 GPa, and α= 19.0 μm/(m°C).

a. Compute the temperature change that will cause a zero load in the steel.
b. Compute the temperature change that will cause a zero load in the bronze.

Bronze 200 𝑘𝑁
Solution:
S
t
e
e
l 𝑃𝐵 + 𝑃𝑆 = 200,000 𝑁 𝑃𝐵
F
r
e
𝑃𝑆
e
-
B
o
d
y
Problem 1: A steel cylinder is enclosed in a bronze sleeve; both simultaneously support a vertical compressive load of 200 kN
which is applied to the assembly through a horizontal bearing plate. The length of the cylinders and sleeves are
equal. For the steel cylinder, A= 8000 mm2, E= 200 GPa, and α= 11.7 μm/(m°C). For the bronze sleeve, A= 16 x 103
mm2, E= 83 GPa, and α= 19.0 μm/(m°C).

a. Compute the temperature change that will cause a zero load in the steel.
b. Compute the temperature change that will cause a zero load in the bronze.
=0
𝛿𝑃 𝑠
Movement Diagram
Solution: 𝛿 𝑃(𝑏)
𝛿 𝑇 (𝑏 ) − 𝛿 𝑇(𝑠) = 𝛿 𝑃(𝑏)
a. Temperature change that will cause
𝑃𝐿
a zero load in the steel. Set PS = 0
𝛼𝐿∆𝑇(𝑏) − 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇(𝑠) =
𝐴𝐸 (𝑏)
0 19.0 × 10−6 𝐿∆𝑇 − 𝐿∆𝑇
𝑃𝐵 + 𝑃𝑆 = 11.7 × 10−6 𝛿 𝑇(𝑏)
200,000 𝑁 (200,000)
=
𝑃𝐵 = 200,000 𝑁 (𝐿)
(16,000) 83 × 103 𝛿 𝑇(𝑠)
Problem 1: A steel cylinder is enclosed in a bronze sleeve; both simultaneously support a vertical compressive load of 200 kN
which is applied to the assembly through a horizontal bearing plate. The length of the cylinders and sleeves are
equal. For the steel cylinder, A= 8000 mm2, E= 200 GPa, and α= 11.7 μm/(m°C). For the bronze sleeve, A= 16 x 103
mm2, E= 83 GPa, and α= 19.0 μm/(m°C).

a. Compute the temperature change that will cause a zero load in the steel.
b. Compute the temperature change that will cause a zero load in the bronze.

=0
𝛿𝑃 𝑠
Solution:
(200000)(𝐿 ) 𝛿 𝑃(𝑏)
19.0 × 10−6 𝐿∆𝑇 − 11.7 × 10−6 𝐿∆𝑇= (16000)(83×10 3 )

Since they have the same length

(19.0 × 10−6 − 11.7 × 10 −6 ) ∆𝑇 = 1.506 × 10−4 𝛿 𝑇(𝑏)

∆𝑇 = 20.630 ℃ (𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒)

𝛿 𝑇(𝑠)
Problem 1: A steel cylinder is enclosed in a bronze sleeve; both simultaneously support a vertical compressive load of 200 kN
which is applied to the assembly through a horizontal bearing plate. The length of the cylinders and sleeves are
equal. For the steel cylinder, A= 8000 mm2, E= 200 GPa, and α= 11.7 μm/(m°C). For the bronze sleeve, A= 16 x 103
mm2, E= 83 GPa, and α= 19.0 μm/(m°C).

a. Compute the temperature change that will cause a zero load in the steel.
b. Compute the temperature change that will cause a zero load in the bronze.

Solution: Movement Diagram =0

𝛿𝑃 𝑏

a. Temperature change that will cause 𝛿 𝑇 (𝑏 ) − 𝛿 𝑇(𝑠) = 𝛿𝑃(𝑠)

𝑃𝐿 𝛿𝑃(𝑠)
a zero load in the steel. Set PB = 0
𝛼𝐿∆𝑇(𝑏) − 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇(𝑠) =
𝐴𝐸 (𝑠
)
0 𝐿∆𝑇
𝑃𝐵 + 𝑃𝑆 = 200,000 𝑁 19.0 × 10−6 𝐿∆𝑇 − 11.7 × 10−6

(200,000) 𝛿 𝑇(𝑏)
=
𝑃𝑠 = 200,000 𝑁 (𝐿) 3
(8,000) 200 × 10
𝛿 𝑇(𝑠)
Problem 1: A steel cylinder is enclosed in a bronze sleeve; both simultaneously support a vertical compressive load of 200 kN
which is applied to the assembly through a horizontal bearing plate. The length of the cylinders and sleeves are
equal. For the steel cylinder, A= 8000 mm2, E= 200 GPa, and α= 11.7 μm/(m°C). For the bronze sleeve, A= 16 x 103
mm2, E= 83 GPa, and α= 19.0 μm/(m°C).

a. Compute the temperature change that will cause a zero load in the steel.
b. Compute the temperature change that will cause a zero load in the bronze.

Solution: =0
𝛿𝑃 𝑏

(200000)(𝐿)
19.0 × 10−6 𝐿∆𝑇 − 11.7 × 10−6 𝐿∆𝑇= 𝛿𝑃 (𝑠
(8000)(200×103 )
)

Since they have the same length

(19.0 × 10−6 − 11.7 × 10 −6 ) ∆𝑇 = 1.25 × 10−4

𝛿 𝑇(𝑏)

∆𝑇 = 17.123 ℃ (𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒)

𝛿 𝑇(𝑠)
Problem 2: At 20 °C, there is a gap ∆ = 0.2 mm between the lower end of the bronze bar and the rigid slab supportedby the two
steel bars as shown. Neglecting the mass of the slab, determine the stress in each rod when the temperature of the
assembly is increased to 100 °C. For the bronze rod, A= 700 mm2, E=83 x 109 N/m2, and the α= 18.9 μm/(m°C). For
each steel rod, A=600 mm2, E=200 x 109 N/m2, and the α= 11.7 μm/(m°C).

Solution:

Compute for the deformation due to temperature

𝛿𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿∆𝑇
Bronze
Steel

800 mm
Steel
For bronze:

𝛿 𝑇 (𝑏 ) = 18.9 × 10−6 800 − 0.2 100℃ − 20℃

d = 0.2 mm
𝛿 𝑇(𝑏) = 1.2093 𝑚𝑚
For steel:

𝛿𝑇 (𝑠 ) = 11.7 × 10−6 800 100℃ − 20℃

𝛿𝑇 (𝑠 ) = 0.90575 𝑚𝑚
Problem 2: At 20 °C, there is a gap ∆ = 0.2 mm between the lower end of the bronze bar and the rigid slab supportedby the two
steel bars as shown. Neglecting the mass of the slab, determine the stress in each rod when the temperature of the
assembly is increased to 100 °C. For the bronze rod, A= 700 mm2, E=83 x 109 N/m2, and the α= 18.9 μm/(m°C). For
each steel rod, A=600 mm2, E=200 x 109 N/m2, and the α= 11.7 μm/(m°C).

Solution:

It shows that:

𝛿 𝑇(𝑏) > 𝛿 𝑇(𝑠)

Therefore, the bronze rod will be compression and

d
the steel rod in tension.
From FBD slab.

𝑃𝑠 𝑃𝑏 𝑃𝑠 𝑃𝑏 − 2𝑃𝑠 =

𝑃𝑏 = 2𝑃𝑠
Problem 2: At 20 °C, there is a gap ∆ = 0.2 mm between the lower end of the bronze bar and the rigid slab supportedby the two
steel bars as shown. Neglecting the mass of the slab, determine the stress in each rod when the temperature of the
assembly is increased to 100 °C. For the bronze rod, A= 700 mm2, E=83 x 109 N/m2, and the α= 18.9 μm/(m°C). For
each steel rod, A=600 mm2, E=200 x 109 N/m2, and the α= 11.7 μm/(m°C).

Solution:

Movement Diagram

𝛿 𝑇 (𝑏 ) − 0.2 − 𝛿 𝑃(𝑏) = 𝛿 𝑇(𝑠) + 𝛿𝑃(𝑠)

Substitute 𝛿𝑇 (𝑏 ) = 1.2093 𝑚𝑚 & 𝛿𝑇 (𝑠 ) = 0.90575 𝑚𝑚

d
𝑃𝐿
= 0.90575 + 𝑃𝐿
𝛿𝑇(𝑠) 𝛿 𝑇(𝑏)
𝛿𝑃(𝑠)
1.2093 − 0.2 −
𝛿𝑃(𝑏)
𝐴𝐸 (𝑏) 𝐴𝐸 (𝑠)
𝑃𝑠 𝑃𝑏 𝑃𝑠
𝑃𝑏 (800 − 𝑃𝑠 (800)
+
0.10355 = 0.2)
(700) 83 × 103 (600) 200 × 103
Problem 2: At 20 °C, there is a gap ∆ = 0.2 mm between the lower end of the bronze bar and the rigid slab supportedby the two
steel bars as shown. Neglecting the mass of the slab, determine the stress in each rod when the temperature of the
assembly is increased to 100 °C. For the bronze rod, A= 700 mm2, E=83 x 109 N/m2, and the α= 18.9 μm/(m°C). For
each steel rod, A=600 mm2, E=200 x 109 N/m2, and the α= 11.7 μm/(m°C).

Solution:

Movement Diagram

𝑃 𝑏 (799.8) 𝑃𝑠 (800)
0.10355 = +
(700)(83×103 ) (600)(200×10 3 )

d From the equation, 𝑃𝑏 = 2𝑃𝑠

𝛿𝑇(𝑠) 𝛿 𝑇(𝑏)
𝛿𝑃 (𝑏 2𝑃𝑠(800 − 0.2) 𝑃𝑠 (800)
𝛿𝑃(𝑠) +
𝑃𝑠
)
𝑃𝑏 𝑃𝑠 0.10355 =
(700) 83 × 103 (600) 200 × 103

𝑃𝑠
= 3027.91 𝑁
Problem 2: At 20 °C, there is a gap ∆ = 0.2 mm between the lower end of the bronze bar and the rigid slab supportedby the two
steel bars as shown. Neglecting the mass of the slab, determine the stress in each rod when the temperature of the
assembly is increased to 100 °C. For the bronze rod, A= 700 mm2, E=83 x 109 N/m2, and the α= 18.9 μm/(m°C). For
each steel rod, A=600 mm2, E=200 x 109 N/m2, and the α= 11.7 μm/(m°C).

Compute for the stresses,

Solution:
𝜎=𝑃
𝐴
Substitute, 𝑃𝑠 = 3027.91 𝑁
𝑃𝑏 = 2𝑃𝑠 = 2(3027.91) For steel: For bronze:

𝑃𝑏 = 6055.82 𝑁 3027.91 𝑁 6055.82 𝑁

d 𝜎𝑠 = 𝜎𝑏 =
600 700
𝛿𝑇(𝑠) 𝛿 𝑇(𝑏)
𝛿𝑃(𝑠)

𝑃𝑠
𝛿𝑃(𝑏)
𝑃𝑏 𝑃𝑠 𝜎𝑠 = 5.047 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜎𝑏 = 8.651 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Problem 3: The figure shows a uniform, rigid block weighing 14 000 N, supported by three rods located in symmetric position.
Before the block was connected, the lower ends of the rods were on the same point. Determine the stress in each
rod after the attachment of the block, and raise the temperature of all bars by 170 ° F. Use the following data:

A (mm2) E (MPa) α (/℉)

Each steel rod 0.50 29 × 106 7.0 × 10−6
Bronze rod 0.85 12 × 106 11.5 ×
10−6

FBD:

𝐏𝐬𝐭 𝐏𝐛𝐫 𝐏𝐬𝐭

Bronz

4 mm
e

14 000
Steel

Steel
3 mm 3 mm
N
From Equilibrium:
14 000 [1]
N ΣF y = 0 + 𝗍 ] 2Pst + P br − 14 000 = 0
Problem 3: The figure shows a uniform, rigid block weighing 14 000 N, supported by three rods located in symmetric position.
Before the block was connected, the lower ends of the rods were on the same point. Determine the stress in each
rod after the attachment of the block, and raise the temperature of all bars by 170 ° F. Use the following data:

A (mm2) E (MPa) α (/℉)

Each steel rod 0.50 29 × 106 7.0 × 10−6
Bronze rod 0.85 12 × 106 11.5 ×
10−6 Initial
Level
(✿𝐓)𝐬𝐭 (✿𝐓)𝐛𝐫
Final
(✿𝐏)𝐬𝐭 (✿𝐏)𝐛𝐫 Level
Bronz

4 mm
𝐏𝐬𝐭 𝐏𝐛𝐫 𝐏𝐬𝐭
Compatibility:
e
Steel

Steel
3 mm 3 mm

(δ T )st + (δ P ) st = (δ T ) br + (δ P ) br
14 000 By Hooke’s Law:
N PL PL
[αL ∆T ] st + AE = [αL ∆T ] br + AE
st br
Problem 3: The figure shows a uniform, rigid block weighing 14 000 N, supported by three rods located in symmetric position.
Before the block was connected, the lower ends of the rods were on the same point. Determine the stress in each
rod after the attachment of the block, and raise the temperature of all bars by 170 ° F. Use the following data:

A (mm2) E (MPa) α (/℉)

Each steel rod 0.50 29 × 106 7.0 × 10−6
Bronze rod 0.85 12 × 106 11.5 × 10−6

Substitute:
Pst 3
7.0 × 10−6 =
3 (170) + 0.50 29 × 106
P br (4)
11.5 × 10−6
4 (170) +
Bronz

4 mm (0.85) 12 × 106
Simplify:
e
Steel

Steel
3 mm 3 mm
6 20
Pst − P = 4250 [2]
29 51 br
14 000 Solving [1] and [2] simultaneously:
N
Pst = 9826.569 N and P br =
−5653.138 N
Problem 3: The figure shows a uniform, rigid block weighing 14 000 N, supported by three rods located in symmetric position.
Before the block was connected, the lower ends of the rods were on the same point. Determine the stress in each
rod after the attachment of the block, and raise the temperature of all bars by 170 ° F. Use the following data:

A (mm2) E (MPa) α (/℉)

Each steel rod 0.50 29 × 106 7.0 × 10−6
Bronze rod 0.85 12 × 106 11.5 × 10−6

Stresses:
Pst 9826.569
σst =
= A st 0.50
Bronz

4 mm 𝜎 𝐬𝐭 = 𝟏𝟗 𝟔𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟑𝟖 𝐌𝐏𝐚 (𝐓)

e
Steel

Steel
3 mm 3 mm
P br −5653.138
σbr = = = −6650.750 MPa
Abr 0.85
14 000
N
𝜎 𝐛𝐫 = 𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝐌𝐏𝐚 𝐂
Problem 4: The solid bar ABCD is supported by a pin at B and constrained by homogeneous steel bars at C and D, each with an
area of 230 mm2 is needed. If the temperature is raised by 95 °C, evaluate the force P which will release the bar at C
to be stress-free. Use E = 200 GPa and α = 10 x 10-6 / °C

4m 0.7 m
1m
From Equilibrium:
A B C D
ΣMB = 0 +↻ ] 1.7PD − 4P = 0
P P = 0.425PD

From Compatibility:
By R & P:
1m 0.7 m
FBD: δC δD
B δC =
δD 1 1.7
4m 1m C
0.7m
D
A B C D From R & P:

P 𝐑𝐁
𝐏𝐂 = 𝟎 𝐏𝐃 δ D = 1.7δC But, δ D = (δP + δ T ) D
Problem 4: The solid bar ABCD is supported by a pin at B and constrained by homogeneous steel bars at C and D, each with an
area of 230 mm2 is needed. If the temperature is raised by 95 °C, evaluate the force P which will release the bar at C
to be stress-free. Use E = 200 GPa and α = 10 x 10-6 / °C

4m 0.7 m
1m
δ D = 1.7δC δ D = (δP + δ T ) D
A B C D
;
PDL
P AE + αL∆T = 1.7αL∆T
PDL
= 1.7αL∆T − αL∆T
AE
PDL
FBD: = 0.7αL∆T
AE
4m 1m PD = 0.7α ∆T E
0.7m
A
A B C D 95 200 × 103 (230)
PD = 0.7 10 × 10−6
P 𝐑𝐁
𝐏𝐂 = 𝟎 𝐏𝐃
PD = 30 590 N
Problem 4: The solid bar ABCD is supported by a pin at B and constrained by homogeneous steel bars at C and D, each with an
area of 230 mm2 is needed. If the temperature is raised by 95 °C, evaluate the force P which will release the bar at C
to be stress-free. Use E = 200 GPa and α = 10 x 10-6 / °C

4m 1m
0.7 m From Equilibrium Equation, substitute 𝐏𝐃 :

A B C D P = 0.425(30590)

P P = 13000.750 N

𝐏 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝐤𝐍

FBD:

4m 1m
0.7m

A B C D

P 𝐑𝐁
𝐏𝐂 = 𝟎 𝐏𝐃
Problem 5: The solid bar of negligible weight is upheld as appeared in the figure. Calculate the change in temperature of the
assembly that will lead to a tensile stress of 60 MPa in the steel rod, if the weight is equal to 100 kN. Use the
following data:
A (mm2) α (/℃) E (GPa)
Steel rod 400 12.3 × 10−6 220
Bronze rod 1600 19.6 × 10−6 90

FBD: 𝐀𝐲 𝐏𝐬𝐭 𝐏𝐛𝐫

2m
Steel 2.5 m Bronze 4m
A 2 3m 2m
m
W = 100 kN
3m 2m
From Equilibrium:
W
ΣMA = 0 +↻ ] −Pst 2 5 + 100000 3 = 0
− Pbr
Problem 5: The solid bar of negligible weight is upheld as appeared in the figure. Calculate the change in temperature of the
assembly that will lead to a tensile stress of 60 MPa in the steel rod, if the weight is equal to 100 kN. Use the
following data:
A (mm2) α (/℃) E (GPa)
Steel rod 400 12.3 × 10−6 220
Bronze rod 1600 19.6 × 10−6 90

2Ps t + 5Pb r = 300000

5Pb r = 300000 − 2Pst

Steel 2.5 m Bronze 4m
Pbr
A 2 = 60000 − 0.4P st
m
σb r Ab r = 60000 − 0.4(σst As t )
3m 2m
σ br (1600 × 10−6) = 60000 − 0.4(60 × 106)(400 × 10−6)
W
σ br = 31.5 × 106 Pa
Problem 5: The solid bar of negligible weight is upheld as appeared in the figure. Calculate the change in temperature of the
assembly that will lead to a tensile stress of 60 MPa in the steel rod, if the weight is equal to 100 kN. Use the
following data:
A (mm2) α (/℃) E (GPa)
Steel rod 400 12.3 × 10−6 220
Bronze rod 1600 19.6 × 10−6 90

From Compatibility: By R & P:

2m 3m δ st δ br
2 = 5
A ✿𝐬𝐭
Steel 2.5 m Bronze 4m ✿𝐛𝐫
A 2
m
2 δ br = 5 δst
3m 2m
2(δT + δ P ) br = 5(δT + δ P ) st
W

2 (δ br ) T +(δ br ) p = 5 (δ st ) T +(δ st ) p
Problem 5: The solid bar of negligible weight is upheld as appeared in the figure. Calculate the change in temperature of the
assembly that will lead to a tensile stress of 60 MPa in the steel rod, if the weight is equal to 100 kN. Use the
following data:
A (mm2) α (/℃) E (GPa)
Steel rod 400 12.3 × 10−6 220
Bronze rod 1600 19.6 × 10−6 90

σL σL
2 [αL(∆T)]br +
E = 5 [αL(∆T)] st + E
br st

Substitute the values:

Steel 2.5 m Bronze 4m
A
4 ∆T + 31.5 × 10 (4)
2 6
2 19.6 × 10−6 =
m 90 × 109

3m 2m 60 × 106(2.5)
5 12.3 × 10−6 2.5 ∆T +
220 × 109
W

∆𝐓 = 𝟏𝟗𝟗. 𝟕𝟎𝟐 ℃ (𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬)

References:

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/strength-materials/axial-deformation (Problems 206, 207, 209, 210,

211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L7fXiNtdOZc&fbclid=IwAR3LS1KJZ6lBAWOL74hWCdhtENZcXoWJ6
taBlF10HQZBLtvW-C_F6B80dvM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3NElXJGwdc https://www.s

cribd.com/document/374750497/Chap02-A (Slide 21-22)

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/strength-materials/thermal-stress

http://emweb.unl.edu/NEGAHBAN/Em325/05-Thermal-strain/Thermal%20strain.htm

Mechanics of Materials, Second Edition Andrew Pytel & Jaan Kiusalaas

Besavilla, Venancio I. Strength of Materials. VIB Publishing, 1984.