W-5, Chap.3-Properties of Pure Substances-3

Lecture Notes
on
Thermodynamics
Chap.3 Cond: Properties of a Pure
Substance
by
 Professor Dr. Ahmed Sayed Hassan
 Office: 2st Floor of the Engineering Building
 E-mail: [email protected]
 Mobile: 0552028379
 Professor of Turbomachinery,
 Mech. Eng. Dept., Faculty of Engineering,
Jazan University, Jazan, KSA
Ideal-Gas Law
PV  mRT
•P = absolute pressure (Pa)
•V = volume (m3)
•m = mass (kg)
•R = gas constant (kJ/kg.K)
•T = absolute temperature (K)
3.4.1 Ideal gas law
•For many gases, especially at low density and far from
the critical point,
• it is possible to write a simple thermal equation of
state,
•which accurately describes the relation between
pressure, volume, and temperature.
P = n T
Where is the gas constant, n is the number of moles
The molar mass of a substance is used

to convert grams to moles
• Isobars: Consider curves in T − v plane, P = Cont.
,Ideal gas:
• Thus, P = constant which are straight

horizontal lines in the P − v plane.
• Consider curves in the P − T plane in
which P is a constant.
• Isotherms: Consider curves in the T − v plane on
which T is constant.
Thus, for the ideal gas, we have T = constant
Consider curves in the P − v plane on which T is a
constant.
Thus, for the ideal gas, we have P = (RT)
• Isochores: Consider curves in the T − v , v = Const.
•Ideal gas, v = constant
These are straight vertical lines in the T − v plane.
– Consider curves in the P − v plane ,v = Const.
These are straight vertical lines in the P − v plane.
– Consider curves in the P − T plane , v = Const.
Example : Given air in a cylinder with stops and a
frictionless piston with area A=0.2 m2, stop height of 1m,
and total height of 2m, at initial state P 1=200kPa and
T1=500◦C with cooling, find: The temperature when the
piston reaches the stops, and the pressure if the cooling
continues to T=20◦C.
V1 = A((1m) + (1m)) = (0.2 m2)(2m) = 0.4 m3

Temperature
• f: saturated liquid,
• g: saturated vapor,
• vf : specific volume of saturated liquid, and
• vg: specific volume of saturated vapor.
Vapor dome
for H2O with
data for vf ,
vg, and vf g at
T=15◦C
 For water, triple point is at 0.01 oC and 0.6113 kPa.
Note for liquid-vapor mixtures, this table begins at the
triple point temperature 0.01◦C and ends at the critical
temperature 374.1◦C. At P = Pc and T = Tc,
we have vf = vg. Note that • vf ≃ constant
• vg decreases with increasing T
We define vfg as vfg ≡ vg − vf .
Recall the quality x is V = Vliq + Vvap,
m = mliq + mvap.
3.4.4.2 Saturated liquid-vapor water, pressure tables
Sometimes we are given the pressure of the mixture,
and a saturation table based on the pressure is more
useful. An example of a portion of such a table is shown
in Table 3.3
Pressure
Example : a vessel with V=0.4m3 filled with m=2 kg of
water at P = 600 kPa, find: The volume and mass of
liquid, The volume and mass of vapor.
X = mg/mt or mg = x*mt
3.4.4.3 Superheated water tables
•The superheat vapor is similar to an ideal gas, the
quality x is meaningless.
•Thus, v=v(T, P).
•The tables are in fact structured to give v(T, P) most
directly.
• This portion of the superheated tables focuses on a
single isobar, P =10 kPa.
•At that pressure, the saturation temperature is 45.81 ◦C,
indicated in parentheses.
•As long as T > 45.81◦C, we can use this table for P=10
kP a water. And for various values of T > 45.81◦C, we
find other properties, such as specific volume v, and
properties we have not yet focused on, internal energy
u, enthalpy h, and entropy s.
Superheated water tables
3.4.4.4 Compressed liquid water tables

Liquids truly have properties which vary with both T and
P. To capture such variation, we can use compressed
liquid tables as an equation of state.
If compressed liquid tables do not exist, it is usually safe
enough to assume properties are those for x = 0
saturated liquid at the appropriate temperature.
3.4.4.5 Saturated water, solid-vapor
Other types of saturation can exist, below the triple point
temperature, one can have solid water in equilibrium
with water vapor.
The process where ice transforms directly to water vapor
is known as sublimation.
Saturated solid-vapor water tables, temperature entry

3.4.4.6 Tables for other materials
For many materials similar tables exist, e.g., ammonia,
NH3.
Table for a modern refrigerant, R-410a another common
refrigerant, R-134a, diatomic nitrogen, and methane.
3.4.4.7 Linear interpolation of tabular data
• Interpolation is often required when exact values are
not tabulated.
Example: water at T = 36.7◦C,

with v = 10 m3/kg,
find the pressure and the quality.
Sheet-3
1.Water at 120oC with a quality of 25% has its
temperature raised 20oC in a constant volume process.
What is the new quality and pressure?
2. Water at 200 kPa with a quality of 25% has its
temperature raised 20oC in a constant pressure process.
What is the new quality and volume?
3. Determine whether water at each of the following
states is a compressed liquid, a superheated vapor, or a
mixture of saturated liquid and vapor.
a. P = 10 MPa, v = 0.003 m3/kg b. 1 MPa, 190°C
c. 200°C, 0.1 m3/kg d. 10 kPa, 10°C
4. Calculate the following specific volumes:
a. R-134a: 50°C, 80% quality, b. Water 4 MPa, x= 90%
5. A water storage tank contains liquid and vapor in
equilibrium at 110°C. The distance from the bottom of
the tank to the liquid level is 8 m. What is the absolute
pressure at the bottom of the tank?
6. A pressure cooker (closed tank) contains water at

100°C with the liquid volume being 1/10 of the vapor
volume. It is heated until the pressure reaches 2.0 MPa.
Find the final temperature. Has the final state more or
less vapor than the initial state?
 Know what a pure substance is.
 Identify different processes.
 Define water state.
 Read diagrams, tables and p-v-t surfaces.
 Calculate mass fraction.
 Use ideal-gas laws.

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Lecture Notes

The molar mass of a substance is used

• Thus, P = constant which are straight

V1 = A((1m) + (1m)) = (0.2 m2)(2m) = 0.4 m3

3.4.4.4 Compressed liquid water tables

Saturated solid-vapor water tables, temperature entry

Example: water at T = 36.7◦C,

6. A pressure cooker (closed tank) contains water at

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