W-4, Chap.3-Properties of Pure Substances-2

Lecture Notes
on
Thermodynamics
Chap.3 Properties of a Pure Substance
by
 Professor Dr. Ahmed Sayed Hassan
 Office: 2st Floor of the Engineering Building
 E-mail: [email protected],
[email protected]
 Mobile: 0552028379
 Professor of Turbomachinery,
 Mech. Eng. Dept., Faculty of Engineering,
Cont: Chapter 3
Properties of a pure substance
• Saturated liquid: the material is at Tsat and is all liquid.
• Saturated vapor: the material is at Tsat and is all vapor.
• Compressed (subcooled) liquid: the material is liquid with T <
Tsat.
• Superheated vapor: the material is vapor with T > Tsat.
• Two-phase mixture: the material is composed of co-existing
liquid and vapor with both at Tsat.
• For two-phase mixtures,
• we define a new property to characterize the
relative concentrations of liquid and vapor.
• We define the
• Quality = x: as the ratio of the mass of the
mixture which is vapor (vap) to the total mixture
mass:
x = mvap / mtotal
We can also take the total mass to be the sum of

the liquid and vapor masses:
mtotal = mliq + mvap
We sketch water’s in T − v
plane
There are two important limits to remember:
• x = 0: corresponds to mvap = 0. This is the all
liquid limit.
• x = 1: corresponds to mvap = mtotal.
This is the all gas limit.
T − v
plane
. A similar perform thought experiment for ice, with
ice at P = 100 kPa and add heat to it. We observe the
ice’s temperature rise until T = Tsat ∼ 0◦C. At that
temperature, the ice begins to melt and the
temperature remains constant until all the ice is
melted. At this point the liquid temperature begins to
rise
P − v plane
3.3 Independent properties
Boiling at Constant Temperature
 Somewhere, the pressure drops to saturation
pressure and the water starts to boils.
 Keep climbing …..

Example
Steam at P = 600kPa and T = 800oC,
read its specific volume.
Solution:
• From saturated water tables at 600kPa 
Tsat = 158.83 oC
• The state is superheated 
• Form superheated tables at 0.6MPa & T= 800oC
, v = 0.8245 m3/kg
Energy
• Kinetic Energy=0.5mV2
• Potential Energy= mgz
Internal energy: U, kJ
Specific internal energy: u, kJ/ kg
Enthalpy : H, kJ
Specific enthalpy: h, kJ/kg
Enthalpy = internal energy +
product of pressure and volume
H  U  PV kJ 
h  u  Pv kJ kg 
Interpolation
Find is the saturation pressure at 87OC?
87OC
P
pT 87  57.83 70.14  57.83 70.14

87  85 90  85 P
57.83
 pT  87  62.75
85 87 90 T
Interpolation:
From table 1B:
187.99  .09
TP 1.15 186o C
1.2 1.1
0.15333  0.17753
1.2 1.1
vp 1.15  0.1704 m3 kg
Mass Fraction (x)
Mass fraction, dryness fraction or quality is the
mass of the vapor to the total mass in saturated
mixture:
masssaturated vapor mg
x 
masstotal m f  mg
0  x 1
f stands for saturated liquid.
g stands for saturated vapor.
From saturated table at 0.8 MPa, s f  2.046 kJ kgK
s= 6.5kJ/kgK: s g  6.663 kJ kgK
Since,
Therefore, the steam is wet 

Exercise
(Ans: 188oC, 0.61)

Ideal-Gas Law
PV  mRT
•P = absolute pressure (Pa)
•V = volume (m3)
•m = mass (kg)
•R = gas constant (kJ/kg.K)
•T = absolute temperature (K)
Example #6
Find the mass of air
in the shown room.
Solution:
Ideal-Gas Law
PV  mRT
For the same gas at two states 1 and 2:
PV
 mR  constant
T
P1V1 P2V2

T1 T2
Constant-Volume Process
P1V1 P2V2

T1 T2
P2
T1 T2
P1
V = cost m = cost P2 T 2

P1 T 1
Constant-Pressure Process
T2
P V P V
T1
1 1
 2 2
V1 V2 T1 T2
P = const m = const V2 T2

V1 T1
Constant-Temperature (Isothermal) Process
P1 P2 P1V1 P2V2
V1 V2

T1 T2
T = cost m = cost P2 V 1

P1 V 2
Exercise #6
An ideal gas having an initial temperature of
25 C under goes the two processes
described below.
Find the temperature of states 2 and 3.
3 2
P2=2
P1=1 1 (Ans: 323oC,

v 74.3oC)
v3=1 v1= v2=3
Are all the objectives achieved?
 Know what a pure substance is.

 Identify different processes.
 Define water state.
 Read diagrams, tables and p-v-t surfaces.
 Calculate mass fraction.
 Use ideal-gas laws.
Assignment #1
Complete the following table for properties of water.
Describe the phase as (1) compressed liquid, (2)
saturated liquid, (3) saturated mixture, (4) saturated
vapor or (5) superheated vapor.
If the state is saturated mixture, find the quality x.
P MPa v m3/kg T C Phase Description and x (if Applicable)
1.725 100
0.85 0.227
0.001124 180
0.75 0.221
0.3879 150
0.25 0.095
0.042 350
0.580 135
0.4 0.4625
Assignment #2
Find the internal energy, u, of steam at 40 bar
and x of 60%.
(Ans: 1994 kJ/kg)
Assignment #3
•Find the enthalpy of 1.5 kg of water contained in a volume of 1.2 m 3 at
200 kPa.
•Locate this state on a T-v diagram.
•(Ans: 2493 kJ/kg)

Assignment #4
A closed container of water is at 700kPa. The
mass of the saturated liquid is 1.78 kg, and the
mass of the saturated vapor is 0.22 kg. Heat
increases the pressure to 8 MPa.
a) Find the final temperature, enthalpy and
internal energy.
b) Plot this process on a T-v diagram.
(Ans: 362oC, 3024 kJ/kg, 2776 kJ/kg)

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Lecture Notes

We can also take the total mass to be the sum of

 Keep climbing …..

Therefore, the steam is wet 

(Ans: 188oC, 0.61)

P1=1 1 (Ans: 323oC,

 Know what a pure substance is.

•(Ans: 2493 kJ/kg)

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