ASTU

CSE 1062 Fundamentals of Programming

Lecture #3

Computer Science & Engineering Program

The School of EE & Computing
Adama Science & Technology University
 ASTU

Basics of C++ Programming

– Modular Program
– The Main Function
– Identifiers
– Program Output using cout
– Data Types
– Arithmetic Operations
– Variables
– Assignment Operations

Case study: Radar Speed Trap, Heat Transfer

Reading assignment
– Chapter 2 of the textbook
– Section 3.1 from Chapter 3 of the textbook

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Introduction to C++ ASTU

• Modular program: A program consisting

of interrelated segments (or modules)
arranged in a logical and understandable
form
– Easy to develop, correct, and modify
• Modules in C++ can be classes or
functions

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Introduction to C++ ASTU

• Function: Accepts an input, processes

the input, and produces an output
– A function’s processing is encapsulated and
hidden within the function

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Introduction to C++ ASTU

• Class: Contains both data and functions

used to manipulate the data
• Identifier: A name given to an element
of the language, such as a class or
function
– Rules for forming identifier names:
• First character must be a letter or underscore
• Only letters, digits, or underscores may follow
the initial letter (no blanks allowed)
• Keywords cannot be used as identifiers
• Maximum length of an identifier = 1024 characters

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Introduction to C++ ASTU

• Keyword: A reserved name that

represents a built-in object or function of
the language

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Introduction to C++ ASTU

• Examples of valid C++ identifiers:

degToRad intersect addNums
slope bessell multTwo
findMax density _totSum

• Examples of invalid C++ identifiers:

1AB3 (begins with a number)
E*6 (contains a special character)
while (this is a keyword)

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Introduction to C++ ASTU

• Function names
– Require a set of parentheses at the end
– Can use mixed upper and lower case
– Should be meaningful, or be a mnemonic
• Examples of function names:
easy() c3po() r2d2()
theForce()
• Note that C++ is a case-sensitive
language!

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The main() Function ASTU

• Overall structure of a
C++ program contains
one function named
main(), called the
driver function
• All other functions are
invoked from main()

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The main() Function ASTU

• Function header line: First line of a

function, which contains:
– The type of data returned by the function (if any)
– The name of the function
– The type of data that must be passed into the
function when it is invoked (if any)
• Arguments: The data passed into a
function
• Function body: The statements inside a
function
– enclosed in braces

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The main() Function ASTU

• Each statement inside the function must

be terminated with a semicolon
• return: A keyword causing the
appropriate value to be returned from
the function
• The statement return 0 in the main()
function causes the program to end

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The main() Function ASTU

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The cout Object ASTU

• cout object: An output object that

sends data to a standard output display
device

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The cout Object ASTU

• Preprocessor command: Starts with a #

– Causes an action before the source code is
compiled into machine code
• #include <file name>
– Causes the named file to be inserted into the
source code
• C++ provides a standard library
– with many pre-written classes that can be
included
• Header files
– Files included at the head (top) of a C++ program

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The cout Object ASTU

• using namespace <namespace name>

Indicates where header file is located
• Namespaces qualify a name
• A function name in your class can be the same as
one used in a standard library class
• String: Any combination of letters,
numbers, and special characters enclosed in
double quotes
• Delimiter: A symbol that marks the
beginning and ending of a string; not part
of the string
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The cout Object ASTU

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The cout Object ASTU

• Escape sequence: One or more

characters preceded by a backslash, \

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Comments ASTU

• Comments: Explanatory remarks in the source code

added by the programmer
• Line comment: Begins with // and continues to the
end of the line
• Example:

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Comments ASTU

• Block comments: comments that span

across two or more lines
– Begin with /* and end with */
– Example:
/* This is a block comment that
spans
across three lines */

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Data Types ASTU

• Data type: A set of values and the

operations that can be applied to these
values
• Two fundamental C++ data groupings:
– Class data type (a class)
• Created by the programmer
– Built-in data type (primitive type)
• Part of the C++ compiler

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Data Types ASTU

• Literal (constant): An actual value

– Examples:
3.6 //numeric literal
“Hello” //string literal
• Integer: A whole number
• C++ has nine built-in integer data types
– Each provides different amounts of storage
(compiler dependent)

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Integer Data type ASTU

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Integer Data type ASTU

• int data type: Whole numbers

(integers), optionally with plus (+) or
minus (–) sign
– Example: 2, -5
• char data type: Individual character; any
letter, digit, or special character enclosed
in single quotes
– Example: ‘A’
– Character values are usually stored in ASCII
code

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Integer Data type ASTU

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Integer Data type ASTU

• When storing the ASCII codes to

represent text each letter takes one byte
of memory and is represented by the
associated number from the chart

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Bool Data Type ASTU

• bool data type: Represents Boolean

(logical) data
– Restricted to two values: true or false
– Useful when a program must examine a
condition and take a prescribed course of
action, based on whether the condition is
true or false

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Signed and Unsigned Data Types ASTU

• Signed data type: One that permits

negative, positive, and zero values
• Unsigned data type: Permits only
positive and zero values
– An unsigned data type provides essentially
double the range of its signed counterpart

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Floating-Point Types ASTU

• Floating-point number (real number):

Zero or any positive or negative number
containing a decimal point
• Examples: +10.625 5. -6.2
• No special characters are allowed
• Three floating-point data types in C++:
– float (single precision)
– double (double precision)
– long double

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Floating-Point literal ASTU

• float literal: Append an f or F to

the number
• long double literal: Append an l
or L to the number
– Examples:
9.234 // a double literal
9.234F // a float literal
9.234L // a long double literal

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Arithmetic Operations ASTU

• C++ supports addition, subtraction,

multiplication, division, and modulus
division
• Different data types can be used in the
same arithmetic expression
• Arithmetic operators are binary operators
– Binary operators: Require two operands
– Unary operator: Requires only one operand
– Negation operator (-): Reverses the sign of
the number

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Arithmetic Operations ASTU

Operation Operator

Addition +

Subtraction -

Multiplication *

Division /

Modulus division %

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Arithmetic Operations ASTU

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Expression Types ASTU

• Expression: Any combination of

operators and operands that can be
evaluated to yield a value
• If all operands are the same data type,
the expression is named by the data
type used (integer expression, floating-
point expression, etc.)
• Mixed-mode expression: Contains
integer and floating-point operands
• Yields a double-precision value
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Integer Division ASTU

• Integer division: Yields an integer result

– Any fractional remainders are dropped
(truncated)
– Example: 15/2 yields 7
• Modulus (remainder) operator: Returns
only the remainder
– Example: 9 % 4 yields 1

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Operator Precedence ASTU

• Expressions with multiple operators are

evaluated by precedence of operators:
– All negations occur first
– Multiplication, division, and modulus are
next, from left to right
– Addition and subtraction are last, from left
to right

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Variables and Declaration Statements ASTU

• Variable: All integer, float-point, and

other values used in a program are
stored and retrieved from the computer's
memory
• Each memory location has a unique
address

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Variables and Declaration Statements ASTU

• Variable: Symbolic identifier for a

memory address where data can be held
• Use identifier naming rules for variable
names

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Variables and Declaration Statements ASTU

• Assignment statement: Used to store a

value into a variable
• Value of the expression on the right is
assigned to the memory location of the
variable on the left side
– Examples:
num1 = 45;
num2 = 12;
total = num1 + num2;

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Variables and Declaration Statements ASTU

• Declaration statement: Specifies the

data type and identifier of a variable;
sets up the memory location
– Syntax: dataType variableName;
• Data type is any valid C++ data type
– Example: int sum;
• Declarations may be used anywhere in a
function
– Usually grouped at the opening brace

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Variables and Declaration Statements ASTU

• Multiple variables of the same data type

can be declared in a single declaration
statement
– Example:
double grade1, grade2, total, average;
• Variables can be initialized in a declaration
– Example:
double grade1 = 87.0
• A variable must be declared before it is
used

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Variables and Declaration Statements ASTU

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Assignment Operations ASTU

• Assignment Statement: Assigns the

value of the expression on the right side
of the = to the variable on the left side
of the =
• Another assignment statement using the
same variable will overwrite the previous
value with the new value
Examples:
slope = 3.7;
slope = 6.28;
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Assignment Operations ASTU

• Right side of an assignment statement

may contain any expression that can be
evaluated to a value
Examples:
newtotal = 18.3 + total;
taxes = .06*amount;
average = sum / items;
• Only one variable can be on the left side
of an assignment statement

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Assignment Operations ASTU

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Assignment Operations ASTU

• Assignment operator: The = sign

• C++ statement: Any expression
terminated by a semicolon
• Accumulation statement: Has the effect
of accumulating, or totaling
• Syntax:
variable = variable + newValue;

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Assignment Operations ASTU

• Additional assignment operators provide short

cuts: +=, -=, *=, /=, %=
Example:
sum = sum + 10;
is equivalent to: sum += 10;
price *= rate +1;
is equivalent to:
price = price * (rate + 1);

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Assignment Operations ASTU

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Assignment Operations ASTU

• Increment operator ++: Unary operator for the

special case when a variable is increased by 1
• Prefix increment operator appears before the
variable
– Example: ++i
• Postfix increment operator appears after the
variable
– Example: i++

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Assignment Operations ASTU

• Example: k = ++n; //prefix increment

is equivalent to:

n = n + 1; //increment n first
k = n; //assign n’s value to k
• Example: k = n++; //postfix increment
is equivalent to

k = n; //assign n’s value to k

n = n + 1; //and then increment n

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Assignment Operations ASTU

• Decrement operator --: Unary operator for the

special case when a variable is decreased by 1
• Prefix decrement operator appears before the
variable
– Example: --i;
• Postfix decrement operator appears after the
variable
– Example: i--;

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Case Study: Radar Speed Trap ASTU

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Case Study: Radar Speed Trap ASTU

• A highway-patrol speed-detection radar

emits a beam of microwaves at a
frequency designated as fe
• The beam is reflected off an approaching
car, and the radar unit picks up and
analyzes the reflected beam’s frequency, fr
• The reflected beam’s frequency is shifted
slightly from fe to fr because of the car’s
motion.

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 ASTU

• The relationship between the speed of

the car, v, in miles per hour (mph), and
the two microwave frequencies is

where the emitted waves have a frequency

of
fe= 2 × 1010 sec -1

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 ASTU

• we will write a C ++ program

– using the software development procedure
– calculate and display the speed
corresponding to a received frequency of
2.000004 × 1010 sec-1

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Case Study: Radar Speed Trap ASTU

• Step 1: Analyze the Problem

– Understand the desired outputs
– Determine the required inputs
• Step 2: Develop a Solution
– Determine the algorithms to be used
– Use top-down approach to design
• Step 3: Code the Solution
• Step 4: Test and Correct the Program

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Case Study: Radar Speed Trap ASTU

• Analyze the Problem

– Output: Speed of the car
– Inputs: Emitted frequency and received
frequency
• Develop a Solution
– Algorithm:
• Assign values to f0 and f1
• Calculate and display speed

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Case Study: Radar Speed Trap ASTU

• Code the Solution

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Case Study: Radar Speed Trap ASTU

• Test and Correct the Program

– Verify that the calculation and displayed
value agree with the previous hand
calculation
– Use the program with different values of
received frequencies
• Ethiopia uses metric system therefore
What if we want the answer to be in
Km/hr. ?

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