INTRODUCTION TO T C NJENDA
ELECTRICAL DRIVES
ELECTRICAL DRIVES -
INTRODUCTION
Motion control is required in large number of industrial and domestic applications
like transportation systems, rolling mills, paper machines, textile mills, machine
tools, fans, pumps, robots, washing machines etc.
Systems employed for motion control are called Drives, and may employ any of
prime movers such as diesel or petrol engines, gas or steam turbines, steam engines,
hydraulic motors and electric motors, for supplying mechanical energy for motion
control.
Drives employing electric motors are known as electric drives.
An electric drive can be defined as an electromechanical device for converting
electrical energy into mechanical energy to impart motion to different machines and
mechanisms for various kinds of process control.
APPLICATIONS
• Paper mills
• Cement Mills
• Textile mills
• Sugar Mills
• Steel Mills
• Electric Traction
• Petrochemical Industries
• Electrical Vehicles
COMPONENTS OF
ELECTRICAL DRIVES
A modern variable speed electrical drive system has the following components
1. Electrical machines and loads
2. Power Modulator
3. Sources
4. Control unit
5. Sensing unit
Block diagram of an electrical drive is shown in the next slide
COMPONENTS OF
ELECTRICAL DRIVES
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
Most commonly used electrical machines for speed control applications are the
following
• DC Machines: Shunt, series, compound, separately excited DC motors and switched
reluctance machines.
• AC Machines: Induction, wound rotor, synchronous, PM synchronous and
synchronous reluctance machines.
• Special Machines: Brush less DC motors, stepper motors, switched reluctance
motors are used.
POWER MODULATORS
Functions:
• Modulates flow of power from the source to the motor in such a manner that
motor is imparted speed-torque characteristics required by the load
• During transient operation, such as starting, braking and speed reversal, it
restricts source and motor currents with in permissible limits.
• It converts electrical energy of the source in the form of suitable to the motor
• Selects the mode of operation of the motor (i.e.) Motoring and Braking.
TYPES OF POWER
MODULATORS
In the electric drive system, the power modulators can be any one of the following
• Controlled rectifiers (ac to dc converters)
• Inverters (dc to ac converters)
• AC voltage controllers (AC to AC converters)
• DC choppers (DC to DC converters)
• Cyclo converters (Frequency conversion)
ELECTRICAL SOURCES
Very low power drives are generally fed from single phase sources. Rest of the
drives is powered from a 3 phase source.
Low and medium power motors are fed from a 400v supply.
For higher ratings, motors may be rated at 3.3KV, 6.6KV and 11 KV.
Some drives are powered from battery.
ASSIGNMENT
Why is it that in aeroplanes AC supply with 400Hz is used?
SENSING UNIT
Speed Sensing (From Motor):
• Torque Sensing
• Position Sensing
Current sensing and Voltage Sensing from Lines or from motor terminals From
Load: • Torque sensing
• Temperature Sensing
CONTROL UNIT
Control unit for a power modulator are provided in the control unit. It matches the
motor and power converter to meet the load requirements.
CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC DRIVES
According to Mode of Operation Continuous duty drives
Short time duty drives
Intermittent duty drives
According to Means of Control Manual
Semi automatic
Automatic
According to Number of machines Individual drive
Group drive
Multi-motor drive
According to Dynamics and Transients Uncontrolled transient period
Controlled transient period
According to Methods of Speed Control Reversible and non-reversible uncontrolled
constant speed.
• Reversible and non-reversible step speed
control.
Variable position control.
Reversible and non-reversible smooth speed
control.
ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRICAL
DRIVES
1. They have flexible control characteristics. The steady state and dynamic characteristics of
electric drives can be shaped to satisfy the load requirements.
2. Drives can be provided with automatic fault detection systems. Programmable logic
controller and computers can be employed to automatically control the drive operations in a
desired sequence.
3. They are available in wide range of torque, speed and power.
4. They are adaptable to almost any operating conditions such as explosive and radioactive
environments.
5. It can operate in all the four quadrants of speed-torque plane
6. They can be started instantly and can immediately be fully loaded
7. Control gear requirement for speed control, starting and braking is usually simple and easy
to operate.
CHOICE (OR) SELECTION OF
ELECTRICAL DRIVES
Choice of an electric drive depends on a number of factors. Some of the important
factors are.
1. Steady State Operating conditions requirements:
Nature of speed torque characteristics, speed regulation, speed range, efficiency, duty
cycle, quadrants of operation, speed fluctuations if any, ratings etc
2. Transient operation requirements:
Values of acceleration and deceleration, starting, braking and reversing performance.
3. Requirements related to the source:
Types of source and its capacity, magnitude of voltage, voltage fluctuations, power
factor, harmonics and their effect on other loads, ability to accept regenerative power
CHOICE (OR) SELECTION OF
ELECTRICAL DRIVES
4. Capital and running cost, maintenance needs life.
5. Space and weight restriction if any.
6. Environment and location.
7. Reliability.
GROUP ELECTRIC DRIVE
Group drive consists of a single motor, which drives one or more line shafts
supported on bearings.
The line shaft may be fitted with either pulleys and belts or gears, by means of
which a group of machines or mechanisms may be operated. It is also some times
called as SHAFT DRIVES.
Advantages: A single large motor can be used instead of number of small motors.
Disadvantages: There is no flexibility. If the single motor used develops fault, the
whole process will be stopped.
INDIVIDUAL ELECTRIC DRIVE
Individual group drive each individual machine is driven by a separate motor.
This motor also imparts motion to various parts of the machine.
MULTI MOTOR ELECTRIC
DRIVE
In multi motor drive system, there are several drives, each of which serves to
actuate one of the working parts of the drive mechanisms.
E.g: Complicated metal cutting machine tools, Paper making industries, Rolling
machines etc.
COMPARISON BETWEEN DC
AND AC DRIVES
Motors:
• DC require maintenance, heavy, expensive, speed limited by mechanical construction
• AC less maintenance, light, cheaper, robust, high speed (esp. squirrel–cage type)
Control unit:
• DC drives: Simple control – decoupling torque and flux by mechanical commutator – the
controller can be implemented using simple analog circuit even for high performance torque
control –cheaper.
• AC drives, the types of controllers to be used depend on the required drive performance –
obviously, cost increases with performance. Scalar control drives technique does not require
fast processor/DSP whereas in FOC or DTC drives, DSPs or fast processors are normally
employed.
Performance:
• In DC motors, flux and torque components are always perpendicular to one another
thanks to the mechanical commutator and brushes. The torque is controlled via the
armature current while maintaining the field component constant. Fast torque and
decouple control between flux and torque components can be achieved easily.
• In AC machines, in particular the induction machines, magnetic coupling between
phases and between stator and rotor windings makes the modeling and torque control
difficult and complex. Control of the steady state operating conditions is
accomplished by controlling the magnitude and the frequency of the applied voltage;
which is known
THANK YOU
