CONNECTION DESIGN

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Connection Design Requirement

• Strength
• Stiffness
• Ductility

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SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS OF JOINTS
Most Connections are Highly Indeterminate
Analysis Assumptions Simplify Design
The internal forces are in equilibrium with the applied loading

Assume sharing of forces among alternate elements

–Stiffer elements attract larger proportion of the imposed force
–Plate elements are stiff in resisting forces imposed in their plane
–Plate elements are flexible in resisting forces imposed out-of-plane
–The assumed forces may be at variance from the elastic results
•Equilibrium & Compatibility are to be satisfied in elastic analysis
•Only equilibrium is assumed in the simplified analysis
Each component is capable of resisting the forces
–Ensure adequacy of strength of elements in the load path
•Strength of Plate elements
•Strength of Fasteners, welds
Ensure adequacy of ductility to redistribute forces as assumed
–the deformations implied by the assumed distribution are within the deformation
capacity of the fasteners (bolts, welds) and of the connected parts.
–Redistribution is necessary since assumed sharing may at variance
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 COST OF CONNECTIONS
• Design cost
– Consumes a major portion of efforts
– Simplified design methods reduce the cost
– Standardised designs and details are desirable
•Design handbook, aids and software
• Fabrication / Erection cost
– Repetitive use of standard details
– Good access, easy support, ease of joining at location
– Mix of automatic and manual fabrication
– Choice of connection method
– Other factors
• Simple detail, simple techniques appropriate to requirement

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SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS OF JOINTS

T
C

T C

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STRESSES IN FILLET WELDS
Mean Stress Method

F/al  fvw = fu /(3 w Mw)

Equivalent Stress Method

[12 + 3(12 + 22)]   fu /(w Mw)  

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Effect of Equivalent Stress Method

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DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES

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DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES

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WELDS IN UNSTIFFENED FLANGES
I Section Effective Flange weld

beff = tw + 2r + 7 tf
beff = tw + 2r + 7 tf2 fy/(tp2 fyp)

Box Section Effective Flange Weld

beff = 2tw + 5tf

beff  2tw + 5 tf2 fy/(tp2 fyp)

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 SHEAR
FORCE
TRANSFER

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LOCATION OF HINGE POINT

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CENTERS OF ROTATION

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Factors Affecting Analysis

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BASIC FORCES

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DESIGN OF MOMENT
CONNECTIONS

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FAILURE MODES IN TENSION

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FLANGE DESIGN
FOR FORCES

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SHEAR ZONE IN CONNECTION

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 RIGIDITY OF MOMENT CONNECTIONS
M/2

Moment M
Rigid joint
Mr Sj < 8 (EIb/lb) Braced
< 25 (EIb/lb) Unbraced h
Semi-rigid joint
> 0.5 (EIb/lb) M/2

Hinged joint
Sj < 0.5 (EIb/lb)
Rotation
h

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 JOINT CLASSIFICATION
NOMINALLY PINNED  Sj < 0.5 EIb/Lb

SEMI-RIGID  0.5 EIb/Lb < Sj < 8 EIb/Lb (braced frames)

< 25 EIb/Lb (unbraced frames)

RIGID  Sj > 8 EIb/Lb (braced frames)

> 25 EIb/Lb (unbraced frames)

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 Rotation Capacity

Semi – Rigid
m1= M /Mpb
m1 = (5.4-2θ1)/3
1.0

0.8
RIGID
Connections
0.6
– IS:800
SEMI-RIGID
0.4

0.2
FLEXIBLE

0 θ1= θ / θ p 2.7

Nature of the connection In terms of Strength In terms of Stiffness

Rigid connection m1 > 0.7 m1 > 2.51

Semi-Rigid connection 0.7> m1 > 0.2 2.51 > m1 >0.51

Flexible connection m1 < 0.2 m1 < 0.51

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 r = C1(KM)1 + C2 (KM)3 + C3 (KM)5

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Type Connection type constants Standardization constants
a C1 = 1.91 x 104
Single web angle
connection
C2 = 1.30 x 1011 K = da-2.4ta-1.81g0.15
C3 = 2.70 x 1017
b C1 = 1.64 x 103
Double web angle
connection
C2 = 1.03 x 1014 K = d-2.4ta-1.81g0.15
C3 = 8.18 x 1025
c Top and seat angle C1 = 2.24 x 10-1
K = da-1.287t -1.128 tc-0.415 la-0.694 (g-0.5db)1.35
connection with double C2 = 1.86 x 104
web angle C3 = 3.23 x 108
d Top and seat angle C1 = 1.63 x 10 3
connection without double C2 = 7.25 x 1014 K =d - 1.5 t -0.5 la- 0.7 db-1.1
web angle C3 = 3.31 x 1023
e C1 = 1.78 x 104
End plate connection
without column stiffeners
C2 = -9.55 x 1016 K =dg- 2.4 tp- 0.4 db- 1.5
C3 = 5.54 x 1029
f C1 = 2.60 x 102
End plate connection with
column stiffeners
C2 = 5.37 x 1011 K = dg- 2.4 tp- 0.6
C3 = 1.31 x 1022

g
C1 = 4.05 x 102
T-stub connection C2 = 4.45 x 1013 K = d - 1.5 t - 0.5 lt- 0.7 db- 1.1
C3 = -2.03 x 1023
h C1 = 3.87
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Header-plate connection C2 = 2.71 x 105 K = tp-1.6 g1.6 db-2.3 t w-0.5
GUSSETED CONNECTIONS

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Gusset Connections in Compression

Leff = largest of

beff

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Thank You

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