Effectiveness Factor
Effectiveness Factor
For a spherical catalyst pellet of radius ‘Rs', mass balance over a spherical shell
volume of thickness ∆R at steady state will be:
(7)
Boundary conditions:
(10)
This concentration profile is used to evaluate the rate of reaction rp for the
whole pellet. Calculating the diffusion rate of reactant into pellet at
position Rs per unit mass of catalyst pellet
Then substituting the in the rate for whole pellet in terms of
concentration at outer surface rp = k1C1 , can be written as
Where for spherical pellets of radius rs ,
φs for a first-order reaction is given as
Where k1 is rate constant, ρp is pellet density; De is effective diffusivity.
Hence, to calculate Thiele modulus, both effective diffusivity De and rate constant
k1 need to be known.
the typical plot of η vs φs .
As the figure shows, for small values of φs , η →1.
Equation (13) shows that small values of φs are obtained when the:
For such large φs , intra-particle diffusion has a large effect on the rate.
At this condition, diffusion into the pellet is relatively slow and reaction
occurs before the reactant has diffused far into the pellet.
When η →1, rate for the whole pellet is the same as the rate at surface
concentration Cs and the entire catalyst surface is fully active.
When η << 1, the concentration within pellets drops from Cs to
nearly zero in a narrow region near rs.
At this condition, only the surface near the outer periphery of the
pellet is effective and the catalyst surface in the central portion of the
pellet is not utilized.
This situation can be caused by large particles, low De or high k1 ;
that is very active catalysts.
Hence, low effectiveness factors are more likely with very active
catalysts. More active the catalyst, the more is the possibility that
intrapellet diffusion resistance will reduce global rate.
For flat plate or slab of catalysts, opened to reactant only from one side
with all other surface being sealed to reactant, the effectiveness factor is
given as