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The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System PDF

The document discusses three-dimensional coordinate systems and vectors. It defines the three coordinate planes (xy, xz, yz) that divide 3D space into eight octants. It provides the formulas for finding the coordinates of a point, distance between two points, and midpoint of a line segment in 3D space. It also defines vectors, describes their geometric representation as directed line segments, and covers vector addition, subtraction and scalar multiplication. Key properties of vectors like equivalence, identity and distribution are summarized.

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209 views16 pages

The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System PDF

The document discusses three-dimensional coordinate systems and vectors. It defines the three coordinate planes (xy, xz, yz) that divide 3D space into eight octants. It provides the formulas for finding the coordinates of a point, distance between two points, and midpoint of a line segment in 3D space. It also defines vectors, describes their geometric representation as directed line segments, and covers vector addition, subtraction and scalar multiplication. Key properties of vectors like equivalence, identity and distribution are summarized.

Uploaded by

Resty Balinas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sec 13.

1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System

0
> - - - - - - - y -

There are three coordinate planes: xy-plane, xz-


plane, andyz-plane. These three planes separate
three-space into 8 octants.
Coordinates in Three-Space:

The coordinates of a point P in three-space are


(x, y, z) where
x is its directed distance from the yz-
plane; y is its directed distance from the
xz-plane; z is its directed distance from
the .xy-plane.
The Distance Formula:

The distance between two points P(x 1 , y 1 , z1) and


Q(x2, y2 , z2) is given by

2 2
I PQ I ==-J(x2-x1) + (Y2-y1) + (z2-
z1)2
The Midpoint Formula:

The coordinates of the midpoint of the line


segment joining two point P(x 1 , y1 , z1) and
Q(x2 , y 2 , z2) are:

•
2 ' '
Equation of a Sphere:

An equation of a sphere of radius r, centered at C(h, k, l)


is given by

(x-h)2 + ( y - k ) 2 +( z -1 ) 2

==r2·

In particular, if the center is the origin 0, then an


equation of the sphere is
X2 + y2 + z2 == r 2.
Sec 13.2 VECTORS

A scalar quantity can be characterized by a single real


number.
Examples: area, volume, time, mass, temperature.

A vector is a quantity involving both magnitude and


direction and cannot be characterized completely by a
single real number.
Examples: force, velocity, acceleration.
Geometric Representations

A directed line segment is used to represent a vector


quantity.
Q
p
A directed line segment with initial
point (tail), P,
and terminal point (head), Q, is
denoted by PQ.
Its length (or magnitude) is denoted
by
Equivalent Vectors:
Two vectors are considered to be equivalent if the have the
same magnitude (length) and direction.

Definition of Vector Addition:


To find the sum, (or resultant), of two vectors u_ and v,
1. move v until its tail coincides with the head of u;
then
u + v is the vector connecting the tail of u to the head of
v.
2. move v so that its tail coincides with that of u; then u +
v is the vector with this common tail and coinciding with
the diagonal of the parallelogram that has u and v as
Scalar Multiplication:
The scalar multiple of the vector u is given by cu (where c
is any real number) which is a vector with length lcl times
that of u and is similarly or oppositely directed depending
on whether c is positive or negative.
In particular, (-1 )u (usually written -u) has the same
length has u, but opposite direction. This is called the
negative of u because when it is added to u, the result
is just a point, called the zero vector (denoted by 0).
Properties of Addition:
u+v=v+u
(u+v) + w = u + (v
+ w)
Identity Vector for Addition:
The zero vector, 0, is the identity vector for
addition because u + 0 = 0 + u = u.

Subtraction of vectors is defined by


U - V =
U + (-v).
Algebraic representation of vectors:

If the initial point of a vector a is at the origin O of a


rectangular coordinate system, then the terminal point of a
has coordinates P(a 1 , a 2 ) or P(a 1 , a2 , in a two- or
three-dimensionalacoordinate
3) system.
These coordinates are called the components of vector a,

Notation: We write a == ( a 1 , a 2 ) or a == ( a 1 , a2 ,
a3 ) .

We call a == ( a 1 , a 2 ) or a == ( a 1 , a2 , a3
the position vector of the point P(a 1 , a 2 ) or P a 1 , a2 , a 3 ) .
Algebraic representation of vectors:

Given the points A(x , 1 y 1 , z1) and B(x , 2 y 2 , z2 ),

the vector a with representation AB is


a == \ X2- X1' y 2- Z2- Z1)
y1' .

The magnitude or length of a vector a is denoted by


a or a
and a == ( a 1 , a2 ) ==
2
.J a1 + a2

a2 'a3)
o r a ==\ a22 + a3z
a1'
== .Ja12 + .
Adding and Subtracting Vectors:

If a = \ a1, a n d b = \ b 1 , b 2 ) then
a + b a 2 ) (a1 +b1, a2 +b2),
a- \a1- b1 , a 2 - b2 ), c a = \ ca 1 , ca 2 )
•
b

a+b ( a1 + b1' a2 + b2' a3 + b3 ),


a- (a1 - b 1 , a2 - b 2 , a3 -
b b3),
Properties of Vectors: If a, b, and c are vectors in
vn={(a1,a2,a3,···,an)
} scalars,
and a and B are
then
1. a+b=b+a
b) + c
2. a + ( b + c) = (a+
3. a+O=a
4. a+(-a)= 0
5. a ( a + b ) =
aa+ab
6. 1( aa+=B ) aa =aa+
Ba
7. (aB)a = a(Ba)
The Standard Basis Vectors:

In V2 = { ( a 1 , a2 ) } , define i = (1, 0) and j = ( 0,


1);
hence a= (a 1 , a 2 ) = a1 i + a 2 j

In V3 = { (ai,a ,a 2 3 )}, define i =(1,0,0),


j == (0, 1, 0), and k == (0, 0,
1);
hence a = = ( a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ) == a1i +a 2 j + a 3 k
Unit Vectors:
A unit vector is a vector whose length is 1 unit.
For examples, the standard basis vectors are all unit
vectors.
In general, if a i= 0, then the unit vector that has the
same direction as a is
1 a
u == -
a a
a

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