Artificial Intelligent

Fuzzy Logic
Lecture 3: Classical Relations and
Fuzzy Relations

Instructor:
Prof. Ayman AbuBaker
Classical Relations and Fuzzy Relations
A relation is of fundamental importance in all-engineering, science, and
mathematically based fields. Relations are involved in logic, approximate reasoning,
classification, rule-based systems, pattern recognition, and control.

Relations represent the mapping of the sets.

In the case of crisp relation there are only two degrees of relationship between the
elements of sets in a crisp relation, i.e., “completely related” and “not related”. A
crisp relation represents the presence or absence of association, interaction, or
interconnectedness between the elements of two or more sets.

But fuzzy relations have infinite number of relationship between the extremes of
completely related and not related between the elements of two or more sets
considered.
 Cartesian Product

For the crisp sets A1, A2, . . . , An, the set of n-tuples a1, a2, . . ., an, where a1 ∈ A1,
a2 ∈ A2, . . . , an ∈ An, is called the Cartesian product of A1, A2, . . . , An.

The Cartesian product is denoted by

A1 × A2 ×· · ·×An.

In Cartesian product the first element in each pair is a member of x and the second
element is a member of y formally, X x Y
XxY
 Cartesian Product

The elements in two sets A and B are given as

A = {0, 1} and
B = {e, f, g}

The Cartesian product A × B, B × A, A × A, B × B ?.

 Cartesian Product

The elements in two sets A and B are given as

A = {0, 1} and
B = {e, f, g}
find the Cartesian product A × B, B × A, A × A, B × B.

The Cartesian product for the given sets is as follows:

B × A = {(e, 0), (e, 1), (e, 1), (f, 0), (f,1), (g,0), (g, 1)},

A × A = A2 = {(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0), (1, 1)},

B × B = B2 = {(e, e), (e, f), (e, g), (f, e), (f, f), (f, g), (g, e), (g, f), (g, g)}.
 Classical Relations

A relation among classical sets x1, x2, . . . , xn and y1, y2, . . . , yn is a subset of the
Cartesian product.
It is denoted by R

X × Y = {(x, y)/x ∈ X, y ∈ Y.

The strength of the relationship between ordered pairs of elements in each

universe is measured by the characteristic function denoted by χ,
where a value of unity (1) is associated with complete relationship and a value of
zero is associated with no relationship, i.e.,
 Classical Relations

When the universe or the set are finite, a matrix can conveniently represent the
relation.
The matrix is called as relation matrix

A two-dimensional matrix represents the binary relation.

If X = {2, 4, 6} and Y = {p, q, r}, if they both are related to each other entirely, then
the relation between them can be given by:….
 Classical Relations
When the universe or the set are finite, a matrix can conveniently represent the
relation.
The matrix is called as relation matrix

A two-dimensional matrix represents the binary relation.

If X = {2, 4, 6} and Y = {p, q, r}, if they both are related to each other entirely, then
the relation between them can be given by:

Sagittal diagram
 Classical Relations

Example: Let R be a relation among the three sets

X= {Hindi, English},
Y = {Dollar, Euro, Pound, Rupees}, and
Z ={India, Nepal, United States, Canada}

R (x, y, z) = {Hindi, Rupees, India}

{Hindi, Rupees, Nepal}
{English, Dollar, Canada}
{English, Dollar, United States}.

Relation Matrix ?
 Classical Relations
Example: Let R be a relation among the three sets
X= {Hindi, English}, Y = {Dollar, Euro, Pound, Rupees}, and Z ={India, Nepal, United
States, Canada}
R (x, y, z) = {Hindi, Rupees, India}
{Hindi, Rupees, Nepal}
{English, Dollar, Canada}
{English, Dollar, United States}.
Solution.
India Nepal US Canada
Dollar 0 0 0 0
Euro 0 0 0 0
Pound 0 0 0 0
Rupees 1 1 0 0
Hindi

India Nepal US Canada

Dollar 0 0 1 1
Euro 0 0 0 0
Pound 0 0 0 0
Rupees 0 0 0 0
English
 Classical Relations

Example: In many biological models, members of certain species can reproduce

only with certain members of another species. Hence, only some elements in two or
more universes have a relationship (nonzero) in the Cartesian product.
For example, two-member species, i.e., for X = {1, 2} and for Y = {a, b}.
Members 1 - a and 2 – b can reproduce new species.

R=?
Relation matrix?
Sagittal diagram?
 Classical Composition

Let R be a relation that relates, or maps, elements from universe X to universe Y,

and
let S be a relation that relates, or maps, elements from universe Y to universe Z.

A useful question we seek to answer is whether we can find a relation,

T, that relates the same elements in universe X that R contains to the same
elements in universe Z that S contains.

we can find such a relation using an operation known as composition

 Classical Composition
The two methods of the composition operations are:

– Max–min composition,
– Max–product composition.

The max–min composition is defined by the set-theoretic and membership

function-theoretic expressions:

The max–product composition is defined by the set-theoretic and membership

function-theoretic expressions:
 Composition

We wish to find a relation T that relates the ordered pair (x1, z2), i.e., (x1, z2) ∈ T.
In this example,

R = {(x1, y1), (x1, y3), (x2, y4)}

S = {(y1, z2), (y3, z2)}

Sagittal diagram?
Relation matrix?
Max-min composition operations?
Classical Composition
We wish to find a relation T that relates the ordered pair (x1, z2), i.e., (x1, z2) ∈ T.
In this example,

R = {(x1, y1), (x1, y3), (x2, y4)}

S = {(y1, z2), (y3, z2)}

Sagittal diagram
Classical Composition
We wish to find a relation T that relates the ordered pair (x1, z2), i.e., (x1, z2) ∈ T.
In this example,

R = {(x1, y1), (x1, y3), (x2, y4)}

S = {(y1, z2), (y3, z2)}

Relation matrix
 Classical Composition
We wish to find a relation T that relates the ordered pair (x1, z2), i.e., (x1, z2) ∈ T.
In this example,

R = {(x1, y1), (x1, y3), (x2, y4)}

S = {(y1, z2), (y3, z2)}

Max-Min composition operations

What is the relation T that relates the ordered pair (x1, z1)?
 Fuzzy Relation

Fuzzy relations are fuzzy subsets of X×Y , i.e., mapping from X → Y .

Fuzzy relations maps elements of one universe, X to those of another universe,

say Y , through the Cartesian product of the two universes.
A fuzzy relation R∼ is mapping from the Cartesian space X × Y to the interval [0, 1]
where the strength of the mapping is expressed by the membership function of
the relation for ordered pairs. This can be expressed as

is called a fuzzy relation on X × Y .

 Fuzzy Relation
Cartesian Product
Let A∼ be a fuzzy set on universe X and B∼ be a fuzzy set on universe Y ,
then the Cartesian product between fuzzy sets A∼ and B∼ will result in a fuzzy
relation R∼ which is contained with the full Cartesian product space or

where the fuzzy relation R∼ has membership function.

 Fuzzy Relation
Cartesian Product

Example: Suppose we have two fuzzy sets, A ∼ defined on a universe of three

discrete temperatures, X = {x1, x2, x3}, and B∼ defined on a universe of two discrete
pressures, Y = {y1, y2}, and we want to find the fuzzy Cartesian product between
them. Fuzzy set A∼ could represent the ‘‘ambient’’ temperature and fuzzy set B∼ the
‘‘near optimum’’ pressure for a certain heat exchanger, and the Cartesian product
might represent the conditions (temperature–pressure pairs) of the exchanger that
are associated with ‘‘efficient’’ operations. For example, let
 Fuzzy Relation
Cartesian Product
Example: Suppose we have two fuzzy sets, A ∼ defined on a universe of three
discrete temperatures, X = {x1, x2, x3}, and B∼ defined on a universe of two discrete
pressures, Y = {y1, y2}, and we want to find the fuzzy Cartesian product between
them. Fuzzy set A∼ could represent the ‘‘ambient’’ temperature and fuzzy set B∼ the
‘‘near optimum’’ pressure for a certain heat exchanger, and the Cartesian product
might represent the conditions (temperature–pressure pairs) of the exchanger that
are associated with ‘‘efficient’’ operations. For example, let

The fuzzy Cartesian product results in a fuzzy relation R∼ representing ‘‘efficient’’

conditions,
 Fuzzy Relation
Composition

Fuzzy composition can be defined just as it is for crisp (binary) relations. Suppose
R∼ is a fuzzy relation on the Cartesian space X × Y,
S∼ is a fuzzy relation on Y × Z, and
T∼ is a fuzzy relation on X × Z;

then fuzzy max–min composition is defined in terms of the set-theoretic notation

and membership function-theoretic notation in the following manner:

fuzzy max–product composition is defined in terms of the membership function

theoretic notation as
 Fuzzy Relation
Composition

Example: Fuzzy relationships

for X × Y (denoted by the fuzzy relation R∼)
and Y× Z (denoted by the fuzzy relation S ∼).

X = {x1, x2}, Y = {y1, y2}, and Z = {z1, z2, z3}

Consider the following fuzzy relations:

Find the resulting relation,T∼, which relates elements of universe X to elements of

universe Z, i.e., defined on Cartesian space X × Z
using max–min composition and
using max-product composition
Fuzzy Relation
Composition

Solution:Max–Min Composition

T
 Fuzzy Relation
Composition

Solution:Max–Product Composition