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Communication Systems: Engr. Zaid Ahmad Department of Telecommunication Engineering Iqra University, Karachi

This document summarizes key points from a lecture on communication systems. It discusses the nature and size of signals, how they are classified, common operations performed on signals, and how signal energy and power are defined. Specifically, it covers classifying signals as continuous-time vs discrete-time, analog vs digital, periodic vs aperiodic, and deterministic vs random. It also explains common signal operations like time-shifting, time-scaling, and time-reversal.

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Zaid Ahmad
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
78 views

Communication Systems: Engr. Zaid Ahmad Department of Telecommunication Engineering Iqra University, Karachi

This document summarizes key points from a lecture on communication systems. It discusses the nature and size of signals, how they are classified, common operations performed on signals, and how signal energy and power are defined. Specifically, it covers classifying signals as continuous-time vs discrete-time, analog vs digital, periodic vs aperiodic, and deterministic vs random. It also explains common signal operations like time-shifting, time-scaling, and time-reversal.

Uploaded by

Zaid Ahmad
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Communication Systems Lecture 2

Engr. Zaid Ahmad Department of Telecommunication Engineering Iqra University, Karachi

Lecture Objectives
To be familiar with nature and size of signals To understand basic measures of size of signal To learn various criteria for classification of signals To learn basic operations on signals To study some useful fucntions
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Signals
A set of information or data May be function of time or function of space Function of time, e.g. a telephone or a television signal, daily closing prices of a stock market Function of space, e.g. surface charge density
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Systems
An entity that processes a set of signals (inputs) to yield another set of signals (outputs) Modify signals or extract additional information from them E.g. by properly processing the radar signal (the input), we can approximately estimate the future location (output) of the target
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Systems (2)
Hardware realization of a system means physical components E. g. electrical, mechanical, hydraulic Software realization of a system means an algorithm E. g. image processor

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Zaid Ahmad, Iqra University-Lecture 01

Size of a Signal
Specified by signal amplitude and signal duration Signal Energy and Signal Power Size of a personhis volume V

V = r ( h) dh
2 0
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Signal Energy (Eg)


Area under the squared value g2(t) of a signal g(t) E Real-valued signal = g (t )dt Complex valued signal g (t ) d E = t Must be finite or convergent Amplitude 0 as |t| (Necessary condition for convergence)
2 g 2 g

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Zaid Ahmad, Iqra University-Lecture 01

Power (Pg)
Used when Eg= Time average of the energy P =lim Real valued signal: Complex valued signal:
g

1 T T

T /2

T /2

g 2 (t ) d t
T /2

1 Pg =lim T T

T /2

t g (t ) d
2

Mean-squared value of g(t) Exists if signal is periodic or it has statistical regularity Ramp signal g(t)=t is neither energy nor power signal
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Signal with Finite Energy or Finite Power

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Zaid Ahmad, Iqra University-Lecture 01

Signal with Finite Energy or Finite Power


Signal energy and signal power do not indicate actual energy and actual power Actual energy dissipated: E g g 2 (t )

dt =

1 lim Actual Power: T T

Pg g (t ) / 2 R dt = R T
2

T /2

Assume R=1 to take it as Signal Energy and Signal Power


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Applications and Units


Goodness of approximation Comparisons of approximations Judgment of quality of reception by relative sizes of the desired signal and undesired signal Units depend upon the nature of the signal (voltage or power) Energy measured in Square Volts Second or Square Ampere Seconds Power measured in Square Volts or Square Seconds
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Classification of Signals
Continuous-time: Specified for every value of time Discrete-time: Specified at discrete values of time Analog: Amplitude may take any value Digital: Amplitude can take finite number of values Periodic and Aperiodic Signals Energy and Power Signals
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Classification of Signals (2)


Periodic Signals: g(t) = g(t) + To for all t, To>0 min (To)=Period Periodic signal must start at t = - and continue forever g(t) can be generated by periodic extension of any segment of g(t) of duration equal to the period The above discussion does not hold for aperiodic signal
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Classification of Signals (3)

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Classification of Signals (4)


Energy Signal: 2 t g (t ) d < Power Signal: T /2 1 2 0 <lim g (t ) d < t / 2 T T T Every real-life signal is an Energy signal

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Classification of Signals (5)


Deterministic Signals: Known completely in mathematical or graphical form Random Signals: Known in terms of probabilistic measures like measures of central tendency or measure of spread Noise and all message signals are random
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Signal Operations (TimeShifting)


To time-shift a signal g(t) by T, replace t with t-T g(t) g(t-T) Delay or Right Shift: T > 0 Advance or Left Shift: T < 0 g(t-2): left-shifted (delayed) g(t) by 2 seconds (T=2 > 0) g(t+2): right-shifted (advanced) g(t) by 2 seconds (T=-2 < 0)
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Signal Operations (TimeShifting) (2)

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Signal Operations (TimeScaling)


Compression or expansion in time g(at) compression of g(t) by a g(t/a) expansion of g(t) by a

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19

Signal Operations (TimeScaling) (2)

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Signal Operations (TimeReversal)


Time-reversal or Time-inversion Replace t by t Frame of reference is rotated by 180o around vertical axis g(t) g(-t) Not same as g(t)
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Signal Operations (TimeReversal) (2)

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