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Vdocument - in - Introduction To Set Theory Ways of Describing Sets

This document introduces some special sets such as integers, natural numbers, real numbers, and rational numbers. It discusses subsets and proper subsets, and how they are represented symbolically. Venn diagrams are introduced as a way to visualize relationships between sets and their elements. Some properties of sets are defined, such as equality of two sets, intersection, union, difference, and the power set of a set.

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joelyn Mandagway
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36 views19 pages

Vdocument - in - Introduction To Set Theory Ways of Describing Sets

This document introduces some special sets such as integers, natural numbers, real numbers, and rational numbers. It discusses subsets and proper subsets, and how they are represented symbolically. Venn diagrams are introduced as a way to visualize relationships between sets and their elements. Some properties of sets are defined, such as equality of two sets, intersection, union, difference, and the power set of a set.

Uploaded by

joelyn Mandagway
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Set theory

Ways of Describing Sets


Some Special Sets

U
Special Sets
• Z represents the set of integers
– Z+ is the set of positive integers and
– Z- is the set of negative integers

• N represents the set of natural numbers

• ℝ represents the set of real numbers

• Q represents the set of rational


numbers
Subset
Proper Subset
Subsets Symbols
• a subset exists when a set’s members are
also contained in another set
• notation:

 means “is a subset of”

 means “is a proper subset of”

 means “is not a subset of”


Equality of Two Sets
C  D  (C  D) and (D  C)
Venn Diagrams
• Venn diagrams show relationships
between sets and their elements
Sets A & B

Universal Set
Venn Diagram Example 1
Set Definition Elements
A = {x | x  Z+ and x  8} 12345678
B = {x | x  Z+; x is even and  10} 2 4 6 8
10
AB
BA
Venn Diagram Example 2
Set Definition Elements
A = {x | x  Z+ and x  9} 12345678
9
B = {x | x  Z+ ; x is even and  8} 2 4 6 8

AB
BA
AB
Symmetric Difference:
A  B = (A – B)  (B – A)
Set Identities
• Commutative Laws: A  B = A  B and A  B = B  A
• Associative Laws: (A  B)  C = A  (B  C) and (A  B)  C = A  (B 
C)
• Distributive Laws:
A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C) and A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
• Intersection and Union with universal set: A  U = A and A  U = U
• Double Complement Law: (Ac)c = A
• Idempotent Laws: A  A = A and A  A = A
• De Morgan’s Laws: (A  B)c = Ac  Bc and (A  B)c = Ac  Bc
• Absorption Laws: A  (A  B) = A and A  (A  B) = A
• Alternate Representation for Difference: A – B = A  Bc
• Intersection and Union with a subset: if A  B, then A  B = A and A  B =
B
Power Set
• Power set of A is the set of all subsets of A
• Theorem: if A  B, then P(A)  P(B)
• Theorem: If set X has n elements, then P(X)
has 2n elements

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