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Lecture 15-16

This document discusses different types of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). It describes the counter-type ADC, which uses a voltage comparator and counter to convert an analog input voltage to a digital output proportional to the input. It also discusses tracking ADCs, flash ADCs, dual-slope integrating ADCs, and successive approximation ADCs. Key specifications for ADCs like resolution, conversion time, and differential input are also covered.

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41 views16 pages

Lecture 15-16

This document discusses different types of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). It describes the counter-type ADC, which uses a voltage comparator and counter to convert an analog input voltage to a digital output proportional to the input. It also discusses tracking ADCs, flash ADCs, dual-slope integrating ADCs, and successive approximation ADCs. Key specifications for ADCs like resolution, conversion time, and differential input are also covered.

Uploaded by

zaid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Digital Electronics

EE-201
Lecture # 15 & 16
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION
 An analog-to-digital converter is a device which converts
continuous signals to discrete digital numbers

The Counter-Type A/D Converter

 it is a simples type of A/D converter consisting a voltage


comparator
 as it happens that the o/p of the V.C is high as long as it is +ve i/p is
greater than the –ve i/p
 analog i/p is the +ve i/p to the V.C
 as analog +ve i/p greater than the –ve i/p, the AND gate is enabled
and clock pulses are passed to the counter
 the digital o/p of counter is converted to analog voltage by DAC
 thus the same voltage becomes the other i/p to the comparator
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION
The Counter-Type A/D Converter
 the counter counts up until its o/p has a value equal to the analog
input
 the comparator switches low
 inhibit/ prevent the clock pulses
 the count that reached is the digital o/p proportional to the analog
i/p

Disadvantage
 the conversion time depends on the magnitude of the analog i/p
 larger the i/p, more clock pulses must pass to reach the proper count
 considered as quite slow in comparison with other types of A/D
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION
The Counter-Type A/D Converter
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION
Tracking A/D Converter
 up/ down counter used to instead of up counter to reduce the
conversion time
 the counter is not reset after each conversion
 it counts up or down from its last count to reach its next / new count

The total number of clock pulses required to perform a conversion is


proportional to the change in the analog input between counts rather
than to its magnitude

Disadvantage
The count may oscillate up and down from a fixd count when the analog input is
constant
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION
Tracking A/D Converter
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION

Flash A/D Converters

 the fastest one, also known as parallel or Direct ADCs


 suitable for applications requiring very large bandwidths
 consume a lot of power, having relatively low resolution
 may be expensive one
 requires 2n - 1comparators for an n-bit conversion
 as an 8-bit flash ADC requires 255 comparators
 a resistive divider with 2n resistors provides the reference
voltage (see diagram on next slide)
 each comparator produces a "1" when its analog input
voltage is higher than the reference voltage applied to it
 otherwise, the comparator output is "0"
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION

Flash A/D Converters


 3-bit flash A/ D converter
 ref. voltage is connected to
voltage divider
 divides into 7(2n – 1) eql. Incr. lev
 each level is compared to
analog input by voltage comp.
 comparator o/ps are connected
to priority encoder
 binary o/p rep. the voltage
closest in value to analog i/p
 -v voltage applied to top comp
and by voltage-divider action

( 6R  R/2
)
6R  R/2  3R/2
EREF 
13R/2
16R/2
EREF 
13
16
EREF
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION

Flash A/D Converters


 -v voltage applied to 2nd comp 11 EREF
16
 -v voltage applied to 3rd comp 9
EREF
16
 hence incr. b/w vol is 2 EREF
16
1
or EREF
8
 the increment b/w voltages for n-bit

 the voltage levels range from


ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION

The Dual-Slop (Integrating) ADC


 uses an op-amp to integrate the analog input signal
 as the o/p of integrator is ramp when the i/p is a fixed level

 The slope of ramp is


 Ein = i/p voltage that is integrated
 while R1 and C are fixed components
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION

The Dual-Slop (Integrating) ADC

 as integrating op-amp inverts


 conversion begins with switch connected to analog i/p
 let i/p is –ve, +ve ramp is generated
 ramp is allowed for a fixed time
 fixed time is control by sensing the time when counter reaches a
specific time
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION

The Dual-Slop (Integrating) ADC


ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION

Successive-Approximation ADC
 converts a continuous analog waveform into a discrete nos. via  binary
search through all possible quantization levels
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION

ADC Performance Specifications


 as resolution of A/D converter is the smallest change
 it depends on no. of bits, and may be expresses as total no. of o/p bits
 the actual value depends on full-scale range (FSR) is

resolution = FSR/ 2n

 some A/D converters have 8-4-2-1 BCD o/ps, used for numerical display
 hence resolution of a BCD is said to be as no. of digits available at o/p
 each digit is represented by 4-bits
 term ½ digit is used to refer to a single binary output
 time req. to convert a single analog i/p to digital o/p is known as
conversion time
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION

Integrated-Circuit A/D Converters


 the A/D converts having, latch, three-state o/p like adv. Features

 make them compatible with microprocessor

 as diff. b/w two analog i/p is the voltage converted to digital o/p called
differential input

 differential i/p reduces effects of noise b/c any noise signal common to
both i/p is differenced out called common mode rejection

 also allow to add or subtract a fixed voltage to the analog input


The End

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