Bio Fertilizers

BIO-FERTILIZERS
BIO-FERTILIZERS
 A biofertilizer is a substance which contains living microorganisms, when applied to

seed, plant surfaces, or soil, colonizes the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and
promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the
host plant. Bio-fertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen
fixation, solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis
of growth-promoting substances.
 Biofertilizers are natural fertilizers that are microbial inoculants of bacteria, algae and
fungi (separately or in combination). which may help biological nitrogen fixation for
the benefit of plants.
 They help build up the soil micro-flora and there by the soil health.
 Biofertilizer also include organic fertilizers(manure, etc.) Use of bio-fertilizer is
recommended for improving the soil fertility in organic farming
BACTERIAL BIO PESTICIDES
 The live cells of bacteria used as a biofertilizers.

 These microbes contains unique gene called as Nif-Gene which make them capable of fixing
nitrogen.
 The nitrogen fixing bacteria work under two conditions:
1.Free living
2.Symbiotic
 The symbiotic bacteria make an association with crop plants through forming nodules in their
roots.
 The free living bacteria do not form any association but live freely and fix atmospheric nitrogen.
SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXERS
 Most important symbiotic Nitrogen fixing bacteria is Rhizobium and Azospirillum.

Rhizobium:
 Rhizobium lives in the root hairs of the legumes by forming nodules.
 Plant root supply essential minerals and newly synthesized substance to the bacteria.
 The name Rhizobium was established by Frank in 1889.
 This genus has seven distinct species based on "Cross Inoculation Group Concept".
 More than twenty cross-inoculations groups have been established.  A new classification has
been established for Rhizobium.
 That is 'slow growing rhizobia' known as Brady rhizobium and the other group is 'fast growing
rhizobia' called Rhizobium.
 Rhizobium can fix 50-300 kg/ha Rhizobium.
SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXERS
Azospirillum:
 It mainly present in cereal plants.
 It inhabits both root cells as well as surrounding of roots by forming symbiotic
relation and increasing nitrogen fixing potential of the cereal plant.
 Azospirillum is recognized as a dominant soil microbe nitrogen in the range of
20- 40 kg/ha in the rhizosphere in non-leguminous plants such as cereals, millets,
Oilseeds, cotton etc.
 Considerable quantity of nitrogen fertilizer up to 25-30 % can be saved by the use
of Azospirillum inoculant.
 These species have been commercially exploited for the use as nitrogen supplying
Bio-Fertilizers.
FREE LIVING BACTERIA
 Large number of free living or non -symbiotic bacteria (does not

form nodules but makes association by living in the rhizosphere)
present in soil.
 Commonly used free living bacteria are Azotobacter klebsiella it
will not assosciated with plant.
 Azotobacter is a biofertilizer which provides the required amount of
nitrogen to the plant from the soil.
FREE LIVING BACTERIA
Azotobacter:
 Azotobacter is a heterotrophic free living nitrogen fixing bacteria present in alkaline and
neutral soils.
 Azotobacter is the most commonly occurring species in arable soils of India.
 Apart from its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in soils, it can also synthesize growth
promoting substances such as auxins and gibberellins and also to some extent the vitamins.
 Many strains of Azotobacter also exhibit fungicidal properties against certain species of
fungus.
 Response of Azotobacter has been seen in rice, maize, cotton, sugarcane, pearl millet,
vegetable and some plantation crops.
 It improves seed germination and plant growth. Azotobacter is heaviest breathing organism
and requires a large amount of organic carbon for its growth.
CARRIER MATERIAL
 The use of higher carrier material is necessary for the production of god quality of
biofertilizer.
1. Peat soil
2.Lignite
3.Vermiculture
4.Charcoal
5.Press mud
6.Farmyard manure
7.Soil mixture
8. Neutralized peat soil/lignite
CARRIER MATERIAL
 Ideal carrier material should be:

1. Cheaper in cost
2. Locally available
3. High organic matter content
4. No toxic chemical
5. Water holding capacity of more than 50%
6. Easy to process
PREPARATION OF INOCULANTS
PACKET
 Neutralized and sterilized carrier material is spread in a

clean, dry, sterile metallic or plastic.
 Bacterial culture drawn from the fermentor is added to the
sterilized carrier and mixed well by manual or mechanical
mixer.
 Inoculants are packed in a polythene bags sealed with
electric sealer
SPECIFICATION OF THE
POLYTHENE BAGS
Polythene bags should be of low-

density grade.
Thickness of bag should be around
50-75 micron.
Packet should be marked with:
1.Name of the product
2.Strain number
SPECIFICATION 3.The Crops to which are recommended

4.Method of Inoculation
OF THE 5.Date of manufacture
POLYTHENE 6.Batch number
BAGS 7.Date of expiry

8.Price
9.Full Address
10.Storage instruction
VESICULAR ARBUSCULAR
MYCORRHIZA (VAM)
 The term mycorrhiza was taken from Greek language meaning 'fungus root’, term
was coined by Frank in 1885 The mycorrhiza is a mutualistic association between
fungal mycelia and plant roots. VAM is an endotrophic(live inside) mycorrhiza
formed by aseptate phycomycetous fungi. VAM help in nutrient transfer mainly of
phosphorus, zinc and sulfur.
 Mycorrhizae is the symbiotic association between plant roots and soil fungus of the
7 types of mycorrhizae, VAM plays a great role in inducing plant growth. VAM are
symbiotic entophytic soil fungi, which colonize the roots of approximately 80%
plants. The VAM hyphae also help is retaining moisture around the root zone of
plants It increases the resistance to root borne or soil borne pathogens and
Nematodes.
VESICULAR ARBUSCULAR
MYCORRHIZA (VAM)
 They also mobilize different nutrients like Cu(copper),

K(potassium), Al(aluminum), Mn(manganese), Fe
(iron)and Mg (magnesium) from the soil to the plant roots.
They possess vesicles (sac like structure) for storage of
nutrients and arbuscular for funneling them into root
system.

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BIO-FERTILIZERS

 A biofertilizer is a substance which contains living microorganisms, when applied to

 The live cells of bacteria used as a biofertilizers.

 Most important symbiotic Nitrogen fixing bacteria is Rhizobium and Azospirillum.

 Large number of free living or non -symbiotic bacteria (does not

 Ideal carrier material should be:

 Neutralized and sterilized carrier material is spread in a

Polythene bags should be of low-

SPECIFICATION 3.The Crops to which are recommended

BAGS 7.Date of expiry

 They also mobilize different nutrients like Cu(copper),

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