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Complex Numbers

This document discusses complex numbers. It defines a complex number as having both a real and imaginary part, where the imaginary part is denoted by i or j. The j-operator is defined as rotating a quantity 90 degrees counterclockwise without changing its magnitude. Complex numbers can be expressed in rectangular, polar, exponential, and trigonometric forms. Operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and conjugation are defined for complex numbers in these different forms.

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Dela Cruz, Sophia Alexisse O.
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74 views11 pages

Complex Numbers

This document discusses complex numbers. It defines a complex number as having both a real and imaginary part, where the imaginary part is denoted by i or j. The j-operator is defined as rotating a quantity 90 degrees counterclockwise without changing its magnitude. Complex numbers can be expressed in rectangular, polar, exponential, and trigonometric forms. Operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and conjugation are defined for complex numbers in these different forms.

Uploaded by

Dela Cruz, Sophia Alexisse O.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex Numbers

ANDREW SALIDO
Learning Objectives

 Determine and Evaluate the J-Operator.


 Identify the complex number and its different form.
 Evaluate the operations of complex numbers.
 Evaluate the natural logarithm of complex numbers.
 Familiarize the Euler’s Formula.
 Evaluate the trigonometry and inverse trigonometry of complex numbers.
 Derive trigonometric identities using complex numbers.
Definition of Complex Number

 Complex Number is a combination of a real number and imaginary.


 Imaginary part – could be i or j.
The j-operator

 It is the constant which when multiplied to quantity will rotate by 90 degrees


counterclockwise without changing its magnitude.
 We now simply say that j-operator is the imaginary unit and define it by the property j2 = -1.
Using the imaginary unit, we build a unit a general complex number out of two real numbers.
 The j-operator was originally denoted as i. The symbol i is no longer used because the symbol
is also used to represent current. For the purpose of consistency, the j-operator is now utilized.
 From the definition j2 = -1, this can be generalize =d as:
 J4n+1 = j
 J4n+2 = -1
 J4n+3 = -j
 J4n+4 = 1
Example:
Simplify the Following:
1. j401
2. j199
3. J1997 + j1999

Solution:
4. j401 = j4(100)+1 = j2(2)(100)+1 = (-1)2(100) (j) = (1)100 (j) = j
5. j199 = j4(49)+3 = j2(2)(49)+3 = (-1)2(49) (j3) = (1)(49) (j2) (j) = (1)(-1) (j) = -
6. j1997 + j1999 = j4(499)+1 + j4(499)+3 = j – j = 0
Forms of Complex Numbers

1. Standard/ Cartesian/ Rectangular Form


let: z = a + jb
where: a = real part
jb = imaginary part
2. Steinmitz/ Polar Form
let: z = r∠θ
where: r = magnitude/ absolute value/ hypotenuse of a right triangle
r=
θ = argument/direction with respect to the real axis
θ = angle in degrees = tan-1
Forms of Complex Numbers

3. Exponential Form
let: z = rejθ
where: r = magnitude
θ = angle in radians
2. Trigonometric Form
let: z = r(cosθ + jsinθ) or z = rcisθ
where: r = magnitude
θ = angle in degrees
Operations of Complex Numbers

 Complex Numbers can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided. If z1=a+jb and z2=c+jd,
these operations defined as follows:
 Addition /Subtraction
 Steps:
 All complex numbers in rectangular form
 Combine all real parts.
 Combine all imaginary parts.
 Add
 Z1+z2 = (a+jb) + (c+jd)
 Z1+z2 = (a+c) + j(b+d)
 Subtract
 Z1+z2 = (a+jb) - (c+jd)
 Z1+z2 = (a-c) + j(b-d)
Operations of Complex Numbers

 Multiplication
 Using rectangular form:
 z1z2 = (a+jb)(c+jd)
 z1z2 = (ac-bd) + j(bc+ad)
 Note: j2 = -1
 Using Polar Form
 Z1z2 = r1∠θ1(r2∠θ2)
 Z1z2 = (r1r2)∠(θ1+ θ2)
 Using Exponential Form
 Z1z2 = r1ejθ1(r2ejθ2)

 Z1z2 = r1r2 ej(θ1+ θ2)


Operations of Complex Numbers

Conjugate of a Complex Number


Given Z Conjugate Z*

a+jb a-jb

r∠θ r∠-θ

rejθ re-jθ

r(cosθ + jsinθ) r(cosθ - jsinθ)


Operations of Complex Numbers

 Division
 Using rectangular form:
 z1z2 = (a+jb)(c+jd)
 z1z2 = (ac-bd) + j(bc+ad)
 Note: j2 = -1
 Using Polar Form
 Z1z2 = r1∠θ1(r2∠θ2)
 Z1z2 = (r1r2)∠(θ1+ θ2)
 Using Exponential Form
 Z1z2 = r1ejθ1(r2ejθ2)

 Z1z2 = r1r2 ej(θ1+ θ2)

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