The Period of Enlightenment
The Period of Enlightenment
The Period of Enlightenment
Enlightenment
(1872 1898)
The Period of Enlightenment (1872- 1898)
Historical Background:
• After 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule, the Filipino spirit reawakened when 3
priests Gomez, Burgos, Zamora were guillotined without sufficient evidence of guilt.
This occured on the 17th of February. This was buttressed with the spirit of liberalism
when the Philippines opened its doors to world trade and with the coming of a liberal
leader in the person of Governor Carlos Maria de la Torre.
• The Spaniards were unable to suppress the tide of rebellion among the Filipinos. The
once religious spirit transformed itself into one of nationalism and the Filipinos
demanded changes in the government and in the church.
A. The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896)
• This movement was spearheaded mostly by the intellectual middle class man. The
objectives of this movement were to seek reforms and changes like the following:
• (1.)To get equal treatment for the Filipino and the Spaniards under the law.
• (2.) To make the Philippines a colony of Spain.
• (3.) To restore Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes.
• (4.) To Filipinize the parishes
• (5.) To give the Filipinos freedom of speech of the press, assembly and for redress of
grievances.
B. Highlights of the Propaganda Movement
• There were three principal leaders of the Propaganda Movement:
• DR. JOSE P. RIZAL
• Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Alonzo y Realonda was born on June 19, 1861 at Calamba, Laguna.
• His first teacher was his mother Teodora Alonzo. He studied at the Ateneo de Manila, started
medecine at UST and finished at the Universidad Centralof Madrid. He also studied at the
University of Berlin, Leipzig and Heidelberg.
• He died by musketry in the hands of the Spaniards on December 30, 1896 on charges of sedition
and rebellion against the Spaniards.
• His pen-name was Laong Laan and Dimasalang.
His Books and Writings
• 1. NOLI ME TANGERE: This was the novel that gave spirit to the
propaganda movement and paved the way to the revolution against Spain.
• 2. EL FILIBUSTERISMO: •This is a sequel to the NOLI. •While the
NOLI exposed the evils in society, the FILI exposed those in the
government and in the church.
• 3. MI ULTIMO ADIOS (My Last Farewell):This was a poem by Rizal
while he was incarcerated at Fort Santiago and is one that can compare
favorably with the best in the world.
• 4.SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINOS (On the Indolence
of the Filipinos): An essay on the so-called Filipino indolence and an
evaluation of the reasons for such allegations.
• 5. FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIEN ANOS (The Philippines within a
Century): •An essay predicting the increasing influence of the US in the
Philippines and the decreasing interest of Europe here.
• 6. A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA (To the Filipino Youth): •A poem Rizal
dedicated to the Filipino youth studying at UST.
• 7. EL CONSEJO DE LOS DIOSES (The Council of Gods): •An
allegorical play manifesting admiration for Cervantes.
• 8. JUNTO AL PASIG (Beside the Pasig River): •Written by Rizal when he
was 14 years of age.
• 9. ME PIDEN VERSOS (You asked Me for Verses)1882 and A LAS
FLORES DE HEIDELBERG (To the Flowers of Heidelberg): •Two
poems manifesting Rizal's unusual depth of emotion.
• 10. NOTAS A LA OBRA SUCESOS DE LAS FILIPINAS FOR EL
DR. ANTONIO DE MORGA (Notes on Philippine Events by Dr. Antonio
de Morga): 1889
• 11. P. JACINTO: MEMORIAS DE UN ESTUDIANTE DE MANILA
(P. Jacinto: Memoirs of a Student of Manila) 1882
• 12. DIARIO DE VIAJE DE NORTE AMERICA (Diary of a Voyage to
North America)
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
• Marcelo H. del Pilar is popularly known for his pen name of Plaridel, Pupdoh,
Piping Dilat and Dolores Manapat.
• He was born at Cupang, San Nicolas, Bulacan on August 30, 1850.
• Marcelo started schooling at the school of Mr. Flores then transferred to that of
San Jose before UST. He established the Diariong Tagalog in 1882 to avoid
banishment, he was forced to travel to Spain in 1888.
• He replaced Graciano Lopez Jaena as editor of LA SOLIDARIDAD.
• He died of tuberculosis in Spain.
Writings of Marcelo H. del Pilar:
• 1. PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA (Love of Country): Published
on August 20, 1882, in Diariong Tagalog.
• 2. KAIINGAT KAYO (Be Careful): A humorous and sarcastic dig in
answer to Fr. Jose Rodrguez in the novel NOLI of Rizal. Published in
Barcelona in 1888. Used Dolores Manapat as pen-name here.
• 3. DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayers and Jokes): Similar to a
cathecism but sarcastically done against the parish priests. •Published in
Barcelona in 1888.
• 4. ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DIOS (God's Goodness): Published in Barcelona. It was
also like a catechism sarcastically aimed against the parish priests but also contains a
philosophy of the power and intelligence of God and an appreciation for and loved for nature.
• 5. SAGOT SA ESPANYA SA HIBIK NG PILIPINAS (Answer to Spain on the Plea of
the Filipinos): A poem pleading for change from Spain.
• 6. DUPLUHAN... DALIT... MGA BUGTONG (A poetical contest in narratives
sequence, psalms, riddles): A compilation of poems on the oppression by the priests in the
Philippines.
• 7. LA SOBERANIA EN PILIPINAS (Sovereignity in the Philippines): This shows the
injustices of the friars to the Pilipinos.
• 8. POR TELEFONO (By Telephone)
• 9. PASIONG DAPAT IPAG-ALAB NG PUSO NG TAONG BABASA (Passion that
should arouse the hearts of the readers)
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA:
• A most notable hero and genius of the Philippines. Born on December 18, 1856 and died on January 20, 1896.
The pride of Jaro, Iloilo. He wrote 100 speeches which was published by Remigio Garcia, former bookstore
owner of Manila Filatica and which are still read up to now by modern Filipinos.
• He left the Philippines in 1887 with the help of Don Claudio Lopez, his rich uncle, in order to escape
punishment from his enemies and arrived at Valencia, the center of the Republican movement of the Spaniards.
He moved to Barcelona where he established the first magazine LA SOLIDARIDAD. This became the official
voice of the ASSOCIACION HISPANO DE FILIPINAS (a Filipino-Spanish Association) composed of
Filipinos and Spaniards who worked for reforms in the Philippines.
• He sided with Rizal in the controversy between Rizal and del Pilar over who should head the Associacion. He
returned to the Philippines to ask for donations to continue a new government called EL LATIGO NACIONAL
or PAMBANSANG LATIGO. He died in a charity hospital in Barcelona on January 20,1896 eleven months
before his best friend Rizal shot.
The Works of Graciano Lopez Jaena:
• 1. ANG FRAY BOTOD (Friar Botod): One of his works in Jaro, Iloilo in 1876, six years after the Cavite Revolt attacking the friars
in the Philippines. •He exposed how some of the friars were greedy, ambitious and immoral.
• 2. LA HIJA DEL FRAIL (The Child of the Friar) and EVERYTHING IS HAMBUG (Everything is mere how): Explains the
tragedy of marrying Spaniards.
• 3. SA MGA PILIPINO (1891): A speech which aimed to improve the condition of the Filipinos to become free and progressive.
• 4.TALUMPATING PAGUNITA KAY KOLUMBUS (An Oration to Commemorate Columbus): A speech he delivered in Madrid
on the 39th anniversary of the discovery of America.
• 5. EN HONOR DEL PRESIDENTE MORAYTA DE LA ASSOCIACION HISPANO FILIPINO 1884: Here he praised Gen.
Morayta for his equal treatment of the Filipinos.
• 6. EN HONOR DE LOS ARTISTAS LUNA Y RESURRECCION HIDALGO 1884: A sicere expression of praise for the
paintings of Hidalgo on the conditiob of the Filipinos under Spaniards.
• 7. AMOR A ESPANA O A LAS JOVENES DE MALOLOS (Love for Spain or To the Youth of Malolos): The theme is about
how girls were taught Spanish in schools and whose teachers were the governors- general of the place.
• 8. EL BANDOLERISMO EN PILIPINAS (Banditry in the
Philippines) :Jaena refuted the existence of banditry in the Philippines
and of how there should be laws on robbery and other reforms.
• 9. HONOR EN PILIPINAS (Honor in the Philippines): The triumphant
exposition of Luna, Resurrecion and Pardo de Tavera of the thesis that
intellect or knowledge gives honor to the Philippines.
• 10. PAG-ALIS SA BUWIS SA PILIPINAS (Abolition of Taxes in the
Philippines)
• 11. INSTITUCION NG PILIPINAS (Sufferings of the Philippines):
Jaena refers here to the wrong management of education in the Philippines
1887.
ANTONIO LUNA
• Was a Pharmacist. Was banished by the Spaniards to Spain.
• Joined the Propaganda Movement and contributed his writings to LA
SOLIDARIDAD.
• His pen name was TAGAILOG.
• Died at the age of 33 in June 1899, he was put to death by the soldiers of
Aguinaldo because of his instant rise to fame which became a threat to
Aguinaldo.
Some of his works were:
• 1. NOCHE BUENA (Christmas Eve): It pictured true Filipino life.
• 2. SE DEVIERTEN (How They Diverted Themselves): A dig dance of the Spaniards where the
people were very crowded.
• 3. LA TERTULIA FILIPINA (A Filipino Conference or Feast): Depicts a Filipino custom
which he believed was much better than the Spanish.
• 4. POR MADRID (For Madrid): A denouncement of Spaniards who claim that the Philippines is
colony of Spain but who think of Filipinos as foreigners when it comes to collecting taxes for
stamps.
• 5. LA CASA DE HUESPEDES (The Landlady's House): Depicts a landlady who looks for
boarders not for money but in order to get a husband for her child.
MARIANO PONCE
• Became an editor in chief, biographer and researcher of the Propaganda
Movement.
• Used Tikbalang, Kalipulako, and Naning as pen names.
Among his writings were:
• 1. MGA ALAMAT NG BULACAN (Legend of Bulacan): Contains
legends, and folklores of his native town.
• 2. PAGPUGOT KAY LONGINOS (The Beheading of Longinus): A
play shown at the plaza of Malolos, Bulacan.
• 3. SOBRE FILIPINOS (About the Filipinos)
• 4. ANG MGA PILIPINO SA INDIO-TSINA (The Filipinos in Indo-
China)
PEDRO PATERNO
• Was a scholar, dramatic, researcher and novelist of the Propaganda
Movement. Also joined the Confraternity of Masons and the Asociacion
Hispano- Pilipino in order to further the aims of the Movement.
• Was the first Filipino writer who escaped censorship of the press during
the last day of the Spanish Colonization.
The following were a few of his writings:
• 1. NINAY: The first social novel in Spanish by a Filipino.
• 2. A MI MADRE (To My Mother): Shows the importance of a mother
especially in the home.
• 3. SAMPAGUITA Y POESIAS VARIAS (Sampaguita and Varied
Poems): A collection of his poems.
JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN
• Hid his identity behind his pen name JOMAPA.
• Also known for having a photographic mind.
• Member of a number of movements for the country.
Some of his writings were:
• 1. ANG LUPANG TINUBUAN (My Native Land)
• 2. ANG AKING BUHAY (My Life)
• 3. SU PLANO DE ESTUDIO (Your Study Plan)
• 4. EL PENSAMIENTO (The Thinking)
C. PERIOD OF ACTIVE REVOLUTION
(1896-1898)
• The Filipinos did not get the reforms demanded by the propagandists. The government
turned deaf ears to these petitions; oppression continued and the church and the
government became even more oppressive to the Filipinos. The good intentions of Spain
were reversed by the friars who were lording it over in the Philippines.
• Because of this, not a few of the Filipinos affiliated with the La Lige Filipina (a civic
organization suspected of being revolutionary and which triggered Rizal's banishment to
Dapitan). Like Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Apolinario Mabini, Jose Palma,
and Pio Valenzuela decided that there was no other way except to revolt. The gist of
literature contained mostly accusations against the government and were meant to arouse
the people to unite and to prepare for independence.
D. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE ACTIVE
REVOLUTION
• The noted leaders of this period were:
• ANDRES BONIFACIO :Is best known as the FATHER OF FILIPINO
DEMOCRACY, but more than others, as the FATHER OF THE KATIPUNAN
because he held in establishing the Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangan Katipunan ng
mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK). Came from a poor family and it is said that what he
learned he got from the school of experience.
• Joined the La Liga Filipina founded by Rizal in 1892. Established the Katipunan
which triggered the spirit of freedom especially when Rizal was banished to Dapitan,
Mindanao. Better known as the GREAT REVOLUTIONARY rather than a writer.
Among his works were:
• 1.ANG DAPAT MABATID NG MGA TAGALOG (What the Tagalogs Should
Know)
• 2. KATUNGKULANG GAGAWIN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN (Obligations of
Our Countrymen): This is an outline of obligations just like the 10 Commandments
of God.
• 3. PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA (Love of One's Native Land): A poem with
a title similar to that of Marcelo H. Del Pilar.
• 4. HULING PAALAM (Last Farewell): A translation of Mi Ultimo Adios of Rizal
in Tagalog.
EMILIO JACINTO
• Was the intelligent assistant of Andres Bonifacio in the establishment of
the Katipunan.
• Called the BRAINS OF THE KATIPUNAN. He edited KALAYAAN
(Freedom) a Katipunan Newspaper.
• Bonifacio withdrew his writing of the Kartilya in deference to Jacinto's
work as secretary of the Katipunan. His Kartilya was the one followed by
the members of the organization.
Here are few of his writings:
• 1. KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN (A Primer Book on the Katipunan)
• 2. LIWANAG AT DILIM (Light and Darkness): A collection of essays
on different subjects like freedom, work, faith, government, love of
country.
• 3. A MI MADRE (To My Mother): A touching ode to his mother.
• 4. A LA PATRIA (To My Country): His masterpiece.
APOLINARIO MABINI
• Is known in literature and history as the SUBLIME PARALYTIC and the
BRAINS of the REVOLUTION.
• Born in Talaga, Tanauan, Batangas on July 22, 1864.
• Became known to his professors and classmates at Letran and the UST
because of his sharp memory and the simple clothes he used to wear
throughout his schooling.
• Became the right-hand of Emilio Aguinaldo when the latter founded his
Republic in Malolos.
Here are some of his works:
• 1. EL VERDADERO DECALOGO (The True Decalogue or Ten
Commandments): This was his masterpiece and his aim here was to
propagate the spirit of nationalism.
• 2. EL DESAROLLO Y CAIDA DE LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA (The
Rise and Fall of the Philippine Republic)
• 3. SA BAYANG PILIPINO (To the Filipino Nation)
• 4. PAHAYAG (News)
JOSE PALMA
• He became popular because of his HIMMO NACIONAL FILIPINO (The
Philippine National Anthem), which was set by Julian Felipe.
• He was born on Tondo, Manila on June 16, 1876.
• His brother Rafael Palma became the president of the UP.
• He joined the revolution against the Americans together with Gregorio
del Pilar, the youngest Filipino general who died during the revolution.
Aside from the National Anthem, here are his
other works:
• 1. MELANCOLIAS (Melancholies): A collection of his poems.
• 2. DE MI JARDIN (In My Garden): A poem expressing one's longings
for his sweetheart.
E. NEWSPAPERS DURING THE
REVOLUTION
• In effort of the Revolutionists to spread the world their longings for their
country, many newspapers were put up during the Revolutionary period.
They were:
• 1. HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION: Printed the decrees of the
Revolutionary Government, news and works in Tagalog that aroused
nationalism.
• 2. LA INDEPENDENCIA (Indepence): Edited by Antonio Luna and whose
aims was for Philippine Indepence.
• 3. LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA (The Philippine Republic): Established by
Pedro Paterno in 1898.
• 4. LA LIBERTAD (Liberty): Edited by Clemente Zulueta.