RESTORATION OF POLLUTED

LAKES USING STRUCTURAL

AND NON STRUCTURAL
APPROCHES

R. Ilangovan, M.E. Dr. K. SUBRAMANIAN

SUPERVISOR
Principal & Professor
RESEARCH SCHOLAR Department of Civil Engineering
PSR Engineering College
Sivakasi-626140
 Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
2. REVIEW OF LITREATURE
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
4. PHYSICO CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND TREATMENT OF
SELECTED LAKES IN TAMIL NADU
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF SELECTED LAKES IN TAMIL NADU
6. STUDY OF SUPPLY CHANNELS AND THEIR LAKES IN TAMIL NADU
7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF SUPPLY CHANNELS AND LAKES IN TAMIL
NADU
8. NUALGI APPLICATION IN WATER SPREAD AREA IN OOTY LAKE
9. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF NUALGI APPLICATION IN OOTY LAKE
10. STUDIES ON PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATION AND SPECIES DIVERSITY IN
THREE WETLANDS OF COIMBATORE ,TAMIL NADU, INDIA
11. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ON PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATION AND
SPECIES DIVERSITY IN THREE WETLANDS OF COIMBATORE, TAMIL
NADU, INDIA
12. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION
 Introduction
Total surface water potential in Tamil Nadu- 837 TMC
From dams and adjustant states - 447 TMC
Storage in Tanks or Lakes - 390 TMC

Total Lakes in Tamil Nadu - 40000 nos

Disappeared lakes - 10000 nos
Present numbers - 30000 nos

Under PWD WRD control - 14300 nos

 GENERAL STATUS OF LAKES IN
TAMIL NADU
• Classification of Lakes
• A Lake Complex System
• System Lakes
• Non System Lakes
• Lake as a “Basin”
• DEGRADATION OF LAKES
• CONVENTIONAL LAKE
MANAGEMENT
CAUSES OF DEGRADATION
 Encroachments (authorized and unauthorized by
private agency )

 Encroachments (authorized and unauthorized by

government agency )

 Change of land use pattern (authorized by

Government and Private agency)

 Dumping of all kind of solid wastes such as

Municipal Solid wastes (MSW), Bio-Medical
wastes, Electrical and Electronic wastes (E-WASTE),
construction debris and agriculture wastes,
CAUSES OF DEGRADATION….
– Discharge of untreated municipal sewage
– Discharge of untreated industrial waste water
– Growth of water weeds
– Siltation in water spread area and supply
channel
– Poor maintenance of the lakes
– Hiring of Consultants concept
– Eutrophication of lakes
– Lack of awareness on water bodies,
Environment and Nature
System Lakes in Noyyal Sub Basin
 Scope

To increase the Capacity of the Lakes

To improve the Water Quality of the Lakes

To improve the Bio diversity of the Lakes

To make Sustainable Management Plan

 Objectives
• Physical survey of lakes and supply channels to
document the present health status of the lakes.

• Collection and analysis of water and silt from

supply channels and lakes for Physico chemical
and bacteriology analysis.

• Treating the supply channel waste water as by-

pass arrangements using Bio Ozolyte technology.

• Treating the lake water using Bio - Ozolyte

technology.
 Objectives….
• Treating the water spread area for control of water weeds
using Nualgi liquid.

• Testing and analysis of all the treated samples

• Mathematical Modeling for Island formation in lakes

• Planktons study and analysis in lakes for knowing the

status of lakes

• The experiences from International Lake Basin

Management (ILBM) committee and Ooty lake management
committee shall be utilized for every lake restoration
projects to make a sustainable management committee.
 REVIEW OF LITREATURE
The assessment of the water quality involves a careful assessment of the
delicate interface between physical, chemical parameters and biological
diversity.
• Kaul (2000) investigated the compensatory dynamics in planktonic
community responses to pH perturbations. Su & Jassby (2000) investigated
Lake Inle, in southern Myanmar for analyzing several environmental
problems affecting the Lake basin.
• Gulati & Donk (2002) identified fresh water deterioration as a challenging
problem in industrialized Western Europe, especially in countries with
intensive agricultural practices as well as animal husbandry. Two main
criteria for good water quality which they identified were, a decrease in
phytoplankton biomass and improvement in the underwater light climate.
Seasonal water quality of shallow and eutrophic Lake Pamvotis in Greece
was studied for implications for restorations after a detailed investigation of
the nitrogen input in aquatic systems by human activities found that nitrogen
in water has increased over the last one and a half centuries Radhika
(2002). Newson et al. (2002) investigated the physico-chemical conditions
for supporting different levels of biological quality for fresh water.
• Prasad (2002) studied the physicochemical parameters and zooplankton
diversity of perennial tank, and the result reveled the inverse relationship was
obtained between phytoplankton and zooplankton in relation to turbidity. An
inverse relationship was observed between phytoplankton and zooplankton
because of the grazing effects of zooplankton over phytoplankton. Stoyneva
(2002) stated that the composition of phytoplankton is potentially a better
indicator of trophic state in an aquatic ecosystem. They observed specific
changes in algal community structure in accordance with changes in the
nutrient status of the system.

• Wani (2002) investigated the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in a shallow

Himalayan lake as a part of its conservation and management. The seasonal
dynamics and species composition of phytoplankton were recorded in the
system and found to be indicators of eutrophic lakes.

• Chandrasekhar et al. (2003) discussed about the impact of urbanization on

Bellandur Lake, Bangalore city. The addition of effluents from urbanized
Bangalore city changed the characteristics of the Bellandur Lake from being a
natural ecologically healthy lake to an artificial reservoir of domestic sewage and
industrial effluents. The Dissolved Oxygen (DO) of the Bellandur Lake water was
found to vary from 3.8 to 6.3 mg/L. The Bellandur Lake water BOD ranged from 89
to 99 mg/L due to discharge of pollutants.
• Koloanda & Oladimeji (2004) reported that, fish populations are highly
dependent upon the variations of physicochemical characteristics properties
of their aquatic habitat which supports their biological functions. Khedkar &
Dixits (2003) discussed the physico-chemical characteristics of the
wastewater generated by the vast population of Amravati.
• Sinha & Biswas (2011) analyzed the Physico-chemical characteristics of a
lake in Kalyani, West Bengal and reported that the lake water is completely
unfit for human use. Simpi et al. (2011) analyzed the Physico-chemical
parameters Hosahalli Tank in Shimoga District, Karnataka
• Islam et al. (2012) has studied Hydrological Assessment and Water Quality
Characteristics of Chini Lake, Pahang, Malaysia and illustrated that water
quality parameters were slightly higher in the wet season than in the dry
season and the parameters like phosphate, sulphate, TSS and turbidity
were lower in the dry season and pH, DO, conductivity, TDS, clarity and
BOD were higher.
• Jeniffer et al. (2012) analyzed the Physico chemical characteristics of
Theppakulam pond at Valparai and reported that the pond water was
unpolluted
• The interactions of both the physical and chemical properties of water play a
significant role in composition, distribution, abundance, movements and
diversity of aquatic organisms (Deepak & Singh 2014).
• Liu et al. (2010) analyzed seasonal variations of phytoplankton community
and Physico-chemical factors in Lake Baiyangdian and reported that varieties of
environmental factors are affecting the structure of phytoplankton community in
each season. Rajaopal et al. (2010) reported that the presence of certain species
like Keratella, Moinodaphmia and Brachionus are considered to be biological
indicator for eutrophication.

• Phytoplanktons are microscopic unicellular aquatic plants and they convert solar
radient energy into biological energy through photosynthesis. This energy is
transferred to higher organisms through food chain (Tiwari & Chauhan 2006,
Shashi Shekher et al. 2008). Apart from the primary production, these play an
important role in the climate changes and regulating the atmospheric level of O2
and CO2, vital gases for life. Without phytoplankton there would be no life to speak
of in any aquatic environment (Shinde et al. 2011).

• The study of phytoplankton abundance and diversity of fresh water ecosystems

are good indicator for pollution of lake environments. Many studies have
highlighted the significance of the torphic relationship between zooplankton and
phytoplankton in aquatic ecosystems.
• Piyush et al. (2003) studied about isolation of the fungal species from soils affected with
effluents of a pulp and paper mill over several years. The bioremediation treatment
resulted in the reduction effluent in the order of 78.6% and 89.4% in 4 days. Yuansong Wei
(2003) studied about the Minimization of excess sludge production for biological
wastewater treatment and found there is appropriate solution to treat the waste water.
Parag (2004) investigated the imperative technologies for wastewater treatment .
• Jianguo et al. (2007) investigated uptake and distribution of cadmium,lead and
zinc by 19 wetland plant species with experiments in small-scale plot
constructed wetlands. The results showed that the removal efficiency of
cadmium, lead and zinc from the waste water were more than 90% and the
plants in constructed wetlands for the treatment of wastewater polluted by
heavy metals can play important roles for removal of heavy metals through
phytoextraction.

• Konsowa (2003) investigated the decolorization of wastewater containing

direct dye by ozonation in order to reduce the pollution caused by textile
dyeing houses and dye-producing plants. Makhijain (2007) investigated
treatment of waste water drain at Mayur Vihar by Eco Bio Block and found
reduction of solid materials and can EBB use the waste water treatment
without large inland.

• Libing Chu (2009) investigated Progress and perspectives of sludge by

ozonation and the study reveled that the notable reduction was observed.
Xiang-yang (2010) studied about the Catalytic ozonation-biological coupled
processes for the treatment for industrial wastewater containing refractory
chlorinated nitroaromatic compound. Ilangovan (2014) investigated restoration
of polluted lakes by using nano bioremediation treatment systems, and found
the improvement of the lake without aeration.
• Ozone once widely used in water treatment, now (either singly or in combinations,
such as O3-UV or O3-H2 O2) is now used in the treatment of industrial effluents
(Langlais et al. 2001). Ozone especially attacks the double bonds that bestow color.
For this reason, decolorization of waste water by ozone alone does not lead to a
significant reduction in COD (Coste et al. 1996, Adams et al. 1995). Moreover,
installation of ozonation plants can entail additional costs (Scott & Ollis 1995).

• Cloete et al. repotrted that Anolyte decreased the numbers of viruses, bacteria and
the biocidal effect decreased with progressive dilution of Anolyte and a concomitant
reduction in the ORP. There was a reduction in the number of protein bands after the
bacterial strains were exposed to undiluted Anolyte. This suggests that Anolyte may
have caused the death of the bacteria through the destruction of cellular

• proteins.These results are in agreement with the findings of Zinkevich et al. (2000)
who also observed the disappearance of protein bands after exposing E. coli to an
Anolyte solution with an ORP of 1000 mV. Oxidizing compounds present in Anolyte
probably cause destruction of proteins by breaking down the covalent bonds in
proteins (Zinkevich et al. 2000). The extra protein bands were of both low and larger
molecular weight than the native proteins present in untreated bacteria. Low
molecular weight protein bands probably resulted from fragmentation the proteins
into smaller peptides (Janig et al. 2005, Li et al. 2005). Presence of dilute Anolyte
caused an unfavourable environmental condition which induced a stress response
in bacteria. The level of stress response varies with the type of organism and the
type of environment (Kochhar & Kochhar 2005).
• Sewage contains nutrients Nitrogen and
Phosphorus and removing these is very difficult
and expensive. If tertiary treatment or Biological
Nutrient Removal (BNR) is used the cost is very
high.Using the nutrients in sewage to grow
something useful is the best solution to deal with
them. Diatoms are the dominant group of
phytoplankton in nature and they are the best food
for Zooplankton, newly hatched fish and shrimp,
small fish, etc. Diatoms account for about 40% to
50% of primary production in lakes and oceans.
Sampathkumar et al. (2005) reported that a unique
product called Nualgi – Nutrition for Algae, to grow
Diatom Algae in wastewater treatment plants,
ponds, lagoons and lakes with very less cost etc.
MATERIALS AND METHODS

1. Structural Approaches

2. Non Structural approach

 Polluted Lake Restoration
Structural Approaches
Structural Approaches
 Water weeds removal
 Desilting of lakes and
conveyance of earth
 Widening and
Strengthening of lake bunds
 Repairing sluices and
shutters
 Repairing surplus weir
 Rejuvenation of supply
channels
Tamil Nadu
Districts
 STRUCTURAL APPROACHES
Two data’s to be concerned
- Most urbanised state in India - 49 % as per the year 2011 census
- Ground water status
- Exploited blocks – (135+ 37+63+ 11) =246 nos

Categorization of Blocks
S. Year of No.of Total No.
No Assessment Districts of Blocks Dark Grey
White (65%)
(85-100%) (65-85%)
1 1987 19 378 41 86 251
2 1992 22 384 89 86 209
Over - Critical Semi- Safe Saline
Exploited (90% - Critical (<70%)
(>100%) 100%) (70%- 90%)

3 1998 28 385 135 35 70 137 8

4 2012 32 385+1 135 37 63 138+1 11
 Desilting
of Lakes

Islands in
Mookanery Lake
formed by Salem
Citizen Group
 NON- STRUCTURAL APPROACHES
 Study on physico chemical and bacterial analysis
of water in lakes and waste water flows into
supply channels of the lakes.

 Total control & eradication of Water hyacinth

 Inflow waste water treatment and

 water spread area treatment activities.

 Study on plankton population present in the

water spread area.
1. Waste water treatment
2. Water spread area treatment
TYPES OF WASTE WATER ?
 Types & Sources of Waste Water

Domestic waste water

Industrial waste water

SOURCES OF WASTE WATER ?
 WATER RESOURCES POLLUTION

Rain water
Domestic
Industrial
Industrial Drainage wastes Domestic Drainage

wastes

L A K E

Agriculture Water Bodies

wastes
Agricultural run off Scarcity of
water fig.
Important Waste water Characteristics
Domestic sector
Ph, BOD, COD
E.C,TSS,
TDS, Chloride
Chromium
Heavy metals
Phosphorous
Nitrogen
Bacteria, Ecoli Industrial sector
ISSUES IN PRESENT WWTP
SYSTEMS
 WASTE WATER TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGY- OPTIONS
 Oxidation ponds.- Need huge land
 Aerated lagoons.- same
 Activated Sludge Process.-Need more
mechanical equipments
 Trickling filter.--same
 Extended Aerator system—Complicated
 UASBR system.—Costly and Inadequate
 RBC/ RBR.-- Costly
 New Biological system. (Powder, EM,EBB)
 R.O system.-Costly
 Chlorination and Ion exchange.-Costly
 Ozonization.--Costly
 Root zone system.– Suitable for less qty
 What is Bioremediation?

Degradation of organic matter using

microorganisms (bacteria,fungai)
Nature's way of cleaning up
Problems of inflow Waste water
Treatment in Lakes
Diversion to downstream side

Not realizing the seriousness

No suitable technology for open

drain polluted water

Cost factor- Relay on mechanical and

electrical equipments
BYE-PASS ARRANGEMENTS
Rainy Season
Diversion Wall

Supply Channel

L A K E

STP
By pass arrangements

During Non Rainy Season

Location of Sewage Treatment Plant in Sulur, Coimbatore
Bio Remediation Sewage Treatment Plant Flow Diagram
 Restoration of polluted lakes using Bio Remediation

Bio remediation method- Advantages

• Reduce BOD, COD, Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Pollution.
• Control the growth of weeds if the waste water is not
entering into lakes.
• Aeration is enhancing the lake treatment.
• Less sludge generation
• Less cost
Disadvantages
• Shall not reduce dark colours
• Shall not control E coli and Bacteria
• Waste water will pollute the downstream side
• Water level will reduce during summer
 Holistic solution from Bio
Engineering

Various Bio Engineering Systems

• Bio Engineering system
• Bio Ozone system
• Bio ozolyte system
 Restoration of Polluted Lakes using Bio
Engineering
 Bio Engineering method- Advantages
• Reduce BOD, COD, Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Pollution.
• Reduce colour stains and some level of TDS
• Control the growth of weeds even the waste water is
entering into lakes.
• Converting the waste water into usable water.
• Since treated water is letting into the lake water
scarcity shall be solved.
• Aeration is enhancing the lake treatment.
 Disadvantages
• Capital cost increase for the waste water treatment
plants
BIO-OZOLYTE TECHNOLOGY
Natural process
Biological process- Japan’S EBB
& India
Ozonization- Common Technology
Analyte –Russian’S Anolyte
Technology
 Multiplication effect of EBB Microbe >

Implementation Method >

EBB FOR WASTE TREATMENT

EBB TYPE
EBB USED IN RUNNING
WATER
Concept and Technology
description
The Electro Chemical
Activation technology is
based on the Electro- Chemical
Activation of raw water in a
specially designed
ENVIROLYTE reactor system.
 Anolyte
•
Anolyte is a strong oxidizing
non chemical solution with a
pH range of 3.5 – 8.5 and an
Oxidation-Reduction Potential
(ORP) of +600 to +1200mV.
What we have is a potent
cocktail of existing
technologies (H2O2; O3, Cl)
which is extremely effective,
not any harmful chemical used
hence totally safe!
 Activated solutions
AQUASOL-N Mixed peroxide compounds
ORP +700 to +1000 mv (НО· —hydroxyl radical;
pH 5 -8 НО2-—peroxide anion;
FAC 500-600 ppm
1
О2—singletmolecular oxygen;
О2-—superoxide-anion;
О3 —ozone;
О· — atomic oxygen)
Chlorine-oxygen Compounds
AQUASOL-A (НOCl — Hypochlorous acid;
ORP -800 =1000mV СlO- — hypochlorite-ion;
pH 11.0 -13 СlO· — hypochlorite-radical;
СlО2 — chlorine dioxide).
The low total content of
active oxygen and active
chlorine compounds
guarantees absolute safety for
humans and the environment
even in the course of long-
term application
 Anolyte Functions
• Removal and elimination of
microorganisms; virus, bacteria, algae &
fungi, and breaking down humic acids,
pesticides, PAH’s, Precipitation of salts,
reduction of COD/BOD, Flocculation of
heavy metals and many other harmful
organic compounds, without the
dangerous by-products found with many
conventional chemical treatments, such as
the formation of THM’s.
 NULAGI-TECHNOLOGY

Natural process
Feed to Develop Algae
Available as Powder
Tested in Indian condition
Substitutes Electrical Aeration
 Methodology

• Use of Bio Engineering system in

Waste water Treatment

• Use of Biological Solution for control of

water hyacinth and pollutionin water
spread area
 Analysis..
• Walk through survey was conducted along the boundary of lakes

• Physical, Chemical and Biological Characteristic of the waste

water flows in the supply channels and water quality of the lakes
were tested to know the present status of the lakes.

• Analysis of silts inside water spread area of the lakes was

conducted to know the quality of silt present inside the lakes.

• Conducted a small scale pilot scale waste water treatment plant

using online decentralized treatment system at laboratory and on
field to know the water quality of treated water using the new Bio
ozolyte treatment system.

• Conducted water spread area treatment to reduce the colour,

BOD, COD and eliminate the bacterial load and to increase the DO
level of the lakes using Nano nualgi treatment system.
Total Steps Involved in the Bio Engineering
method of Restoring the polluted lakes
One time removal of weeds either manually or
mechanically
Compost the removed weeds
Treat the water spread area using bio remediation
process
Treat the waste water in the channels and fill the lakes
using Bye pass arrangements
Desilt the lake if necessary and make Island and plant
tree saplings
Make eco park al round boundary of lake over the banks
Form a Stake holders committee & Create awareness to
all the people for the conservation of lakes.
 Two important Steps Involved in
Lake Restoration
1) In water spread area
•Desilting of lakes
•Weed removal and desilting
•Treating water spread area

2) Inflow waste water

•Desilting supply Channels
•Treating incoming water (STP)
Analysis of selected lakes
in Tamil Nadu
 Selected Lakes in Tamil Nadu

• Urbanized lakes
– 8 lakes from Coimbatore
• Semi Urbanized lakes
– 3 from Small cities
• Rural lakes
– 7 from Rural lakes
Map showing Physico Chemical & Bacterial
analysis of Coimbatore corporation lakes
Important Steps Involved in Lake
Restoration
• Analysis of health status of
lakes
• Desilting, improving bunds and
other components
• Treating inflow waste water
• Treating water spread area
• Treating supply channel waste
water flow
Important Hydraulic details of Urbaized area Lakes (
as per PWD Memoir)
Views of Eight
Lakes in
Coimbatore
Corporation
Important Hydraulic details of Industrial area Lakes
( as per PWD Memoir)

palar
Physical condition of
Thandalam Lake,
Nagasamuthiram Lake
and
Sarkar Periyakulam
Lake
 Map showing
Physico Chemical
& Bacterial
analysis of seven
tanks in Palar sub
basin in Tiruppur
dt
Important Hydraulic details of Seven lakes in
Palar sub basin ( as per PWD Memoir)
 Physical
Status of
Seven Lakes
in Palar Sub
Basin
Analysis of selected tanks
in Tamil Nadu
 Lake water
Treatment of
Sarcar
Periyakulam
Lake
 Physico chemical analysis of water Heavy metal analysis of water
quality of Coimbatore Lakes quality of Coimbatore Lakes

Heavy metals analysis of silt

quality of Coimbatore lake
Analysis of selected tanks
and supply channels in
Tamil Nadu
 Selected Lakes and supply channels
in
• Sanganur Canal
Tamil Nadu
– Lead to Singanallur tank
• Rajavaikal canal
– Lead to Coimbatore Big tank
• Valankulam canal
– lead to valankulam tank
• Treatment for Sulur STP
– lead to Sulur small tank
• Sarcar periyakulam canal
– lead to sarcar periyakulam tank
• Vaiyapuri kulam canal
– lead to vaiyapuri tank
 Application of
Bio-Ozolyte Treatment
to the Sanganur Canal
Sample
 Application of
Bio-Ozolyte Treatment to
the Rajavaikal Canal
Sample
Photographic view of Existing Sewage
Treatment Plant in Sulur
On-Line Treatment
Process Carried
Out in Sulur STP
Arithmetical modeling for
Island Formation using
Desilting earth in lakes
 Water Spread Area
Treatment in Ooty Lake
Application of
Nualgi liquid in
Ooty Lake
Study of Planktons in Lakes
• The zoo plankton is a smallest aquatic fauna which
plays major role in maintaining the lakes
• Phyto plankton is a smallest aquatic flora such as
Azolla and A.microphylla so much important in
fresh water system.
• The grazing on phyto plankton which is a smallest
form of aquatic flora feeds zoo plankton. These two
forms of flora and fauna do their activities when the
pollution load is within the carrying capacity of lake.
• Phytoplanktons are microscopic unicellular aquatic
plants and they convert solar radient energy into
biological energy through photosynthesis
 Study of
Planktons
in
Ukkadam
Lake
 Study of
Planktons
in Kuruchi
Lake
 Study of
Planktons
Singanallur
Lake
 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR ALL LAKES

• Study on planktons will be useful to know the health

status of the lakes.
• The results reveal the need for essential regular
monitoring in order to safeguard the health of these lakes.
If alternate disposal systems are not adopted in near
future, the pollution load will jeopardize the ecological
balance completely.
• Based on the lab scale and pilot scale studies subjected
to the Bio-ozolyte system, its performance was evaluated
in various water bodies and the following conclusions are
arrived at.
• The combination of Eco Bio Block, ozone, anolyte and
activated carbon filtration has proved to give best results
for treating domestic waste water.
• Since the anolyte liquid has life span of 6 to 8 months, the
liquid will do good performance in water spread area.
 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR ALL LAKES….

• Application of Nualgi liquid will increase the D.O level through

development of diatoms.
• This system is capable of restoring all the water bodies polluted due to
different effluent discharges.
• It is capable of drastically reducing various Physico – Chemical
parameters like TDS, TSS, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphates, Nitrates,
Chlorides, etc.
• The BOD and the COD reduction is highly remarkable, leading to better
treatment efficiency.
• Bacteria, virus and E coli are completely destroyed after the treatment,
ensuring no harm to the living organisms in the environment.
• The efficiency of treated water is much similar and also in some cases
much better than other physical and chemical treatments.
• This system can be implemented effectively for On-line sewage
treatment, but it should be ensured that there is no power breakages.
• This system is capable of eliminating E.Coli and Bacteria and so this is
suitable to treat hospital waste water.
 SUMMARY
• The lakes are deteriorated due to encroachments,
dumping of solid wastes; growth of water weeds and discharge
of industrial and domestic waste water. In short the lake bio
diversity has destroyed. From the Structural and Non Structural
approaches or Hardware and Software approaches the polluted
lakes shall be treated and utilized for solving the water crisis.
• Based on the lab scale and pilot scale studies using the
new Bio – ozolyte system, its performance have been evaluated
in various types of polluted water bodies.
• The combination of Eco Bio Block, Ozone, Anolyte and activated
carbon filtration has proved well to give best results for
treating domestic waste water.
• This system is capable of restoring all the water bodies polluted
due to different effluent discharges.
• It is capable of drastically reducing various physico chemical
parameters like TDS, TSS, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphates,
Nitrates, Chlorides, etc.
 SUMMARY……
The BOD and COD reduction is highly remarkable, lead to better
treatment efficiency.
• Microorganisms are completely destroyed after the treatment,
ensuring no harm to the living organisms in the environment and
also to treat hospital waste water.
• The traces of heavy metals can be completely erased off by this
system. The real value of TDS and chloride in the mixed domestic
waste water were reduced to 50 to 60 % showed that this is suitable
for combination of Industrial waste water treatment plant
• This system is so flexible and eco-friendly.
• The efficiency of treated water is much similar and also in some
cases much better than other physical and chemical treatments.
• This system can be implemented effectively for on-line sewage
treatment, but it should be ensured that there are no power
breakages.
• Bio-ozolyte system is suitable for hostel, slaughter house,
municipality and also for industrial waste waters. ( other than textile
and tannery waste water).
 FUTURE SCOPE
• Desilting of lakes and formation of islands will reduce the cost of desilting
and conveyance. Detailed study shall be made in each lake about the total
quantity is to be desilted by suitable survey method and find out the
quantity to be used for island formation based on the modelling done in
this research.
• Bio Ozolyte (Using Bio, EBB, ozone and anolyte and with carbon or sand
filter) treatment method could be tried for large quantity for all waste water
for three or four seasons
• For reduction of EC and TDS, Root Zone Technology or any other
suitable method could be clubbed.
• Instead of EBB, Ozone and Anolyte. Other Combinations EBB & Ozone
and EBB & Anolyte could be tried for the high values of BOD & COD
Water.
• For Industrial mixed water suitable & adsorption Technique also clubbed
with Bio-Ozolyte.
• For water spread area treatment mixing of Nualgi liquid is cost effective
method. But this was done at hill station Ooty at altitude of 2240 M. This
could be tried for plain area. Usually 0.05% to 1% of anolyte liquid is used
for the volume of Waste Water to be treated. To reduce the cost further.
 FUTURE SCOPE
• More Lab Scale testing and analysis is required for mixing
of Anolyte liquid for various percentage from 0.05% to 1%.
• Bio Ozolyte method could be tried for the existing CETP of
different types of waste water to reduce the number of
steps involved in CETP.
• Bio Ozolyte, Bio ozone and Bio Engineering treatment
methods shall be used as lab scale for different types of
waste water treatment and based on the results field
extension shall be evolved.
• Nualgi application shall be tried for different kinds of
polluted lakes along with suitable technology for inlet drain
waste water treatment.
• Large scale Bio ozolyte with any other suitable system
studies are required for textile dyeing and tannery waste
water mixed with domestic waste water in supply channels.
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  
 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
International Journals
• Ilangovan, R, Subramaniam, K & Kayalvizhi, E 2014,
‘Improving The Wastewater Treatment Plant Using Eco Bio-
Construction Materials, And Effect Of Chitosan On Water
Hyacinth Infestation In Sulur Lake Water’, International Journal
of Applied Environmental Sciences ISSN 0973-6077 vol. 9, no.
7, pp. 3015-3022.

• Ilangovan, R, Manikandan, R, Ezhili, N & Subramanian K

2014, ‘Studies On Phytoplankton Population And Species
Diversity In Three Wetlands Of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu,
India’, International Journal of Current Research, vol. 6, no.
08, pp.7968-7972.
 National Conferences
• Ilangovan, R 2010, ‘Waste water Treatment Plant using Decentralized Bio-Ozolyte
System for Domestic Waste Water', Proceedings of the National Conference on Water
Sources and Waste Water Management (WRWWM) Organized by Department of Civil
Engineering Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, pp.
16-20.
• Ilangovan, R 2011, ‘Professional Ethics of Highly Educated People in the Degradation
of Noyyal River Basin- A case Study ‘Proceedings of the Fourth International
Groundwater Conference (IGWC-2011) on ‘The Impact of Climate Change On Ground
Water Resources with Special Reference to Hard Rock Terrain, Published by the
secretariat –IGWC-2011,Post graduate Research Centre, Department of Zoology and
Yadava College , Madurai -625 014, India, pp.518-527
• Ilangovan, R 2011, ‘Sustainable Action Plan for Improving Ground water’
‘Proceedings of the Fourth International Groundwater Conference (IGWC-2011) on
‘The Impact of Climate Change On Ground Water Resources with Special Reference
to Hard Rock Terrain, Published by the secretariat –IGWC-2011,Post graduate
Research Centre, Department of Zoology and Yadava College , Madurai -625 014,
India, pp.518-527
• Ilangovan, R 2014, 'Restoration of polluted Lakes using Nano Bio Remediation
Treatment System', Proceedings of the National Conference on Frontier Applications
in Civil and Environmental Engineering Organized by Department of Civil Engineering
Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, pp. 1.25-1.29.
 Indian Examiner
SI.NO REMARK
1. Strength of the thesis:
The Work addresses locally and
environmentally relevant topics
2. Extensive geographical documentation
has been done.
3. Weakness of the thesis: Islands details for
Formation of small islands is proposed various slopes have
as a method for deepening the tanks. been worked out and
No reference provided or studies done as per the site
on the stability of the islands, their condition these tables
possible slump and subsidence. shall be adopted
4. The research lacks a definite focus and It has been divided in
there is no much correlation among the to two approaches as
myriad works done. Structural and Non
 Indian Examiner
SI.NO REMARK
5. Corrections required in the thesis: Spelling and grammer
A good number of spelling. grammar and corrected
punctuation errors are identified in the thesis,
to be corrected before archiving the thesis.
6. Definite conclusions of the study are lacking On line treatment for In
in the report, except certain vague flow waste water
observations. The conclusions should be treatment and Water
redefined. spread area treatment
have been established.
7. Questions for viva-voce examination: Presence of Flora and
1.What is the relevance of the flora and fauna Fauna indicates the
identified and listed in the report to the water richness of Bio Diversity
ecosystem – existing and proposed?
8. Can a predictive model be proposed, based on Yes ,Due to time
the data collected? constraints I have not
done. But future scope it
shall be done
 Foreign Examiner
SI.NO REMARK
1. Introduction: explained and defined lake systems and
mentioned ‘research need’ and ‘objectives’ Introduction
chapter lacks statement of the problem, background on
available restoration methods used in various countries
and Indian states. By adding this background the quality
and depth of the thesis would have improved. Though
Chapter two: Literature review covered some of these
aspects.
2. Hypothesis for an experiment orientated thesis is
desirable. Aims and objective is mentioned in Chapter 1
but a statement outlining research question
(s)/hypothesis is essential.
3. Justification of the research methodology is also desirable Walk through survey shall
– Chapter three briefly covered briefly aspects of research useful to decide the focus
on the methods of
methods but need justification through various literature
treatment. Lakes have
resources. Need justification of walk through survey for
been selected as Most
seven lakes. Also need to provide a brief justification of urbanized, Industrialized
the selection of lakes. Were they randomly selected? Semi urbanized and Rural
Why? lakes
 Foreign Examiner
SI.NO REMARK
4. Collection of the date: clearly mentioned
5. Results: Presented for every lakes in various Yes One system shall
chapters; Section 11.4 could have summarized not suitable to all. The
characteristics of lakes based on pollution level analysis of water and
soil samples and walk
as variable for all Seven lakes and the
through survey shall use
researcher could have addressed
full to decide the
recommendation for suitability of structural methods of treatment
and non-structural approaches for those lakes.
One system may not fit for all lakes depending
on those lake’s Characteristics and pollution
level.
6. Conclusion: some recommendations mentioned Only Islands formation
in this research are justified through research has given as
findings and some recommendations are observations. But the
arithmetical modeling is
through observation (need validations). A
my findings to decide
separate section outlining the main
numbers, the diameter
contribution of this research is desirable. and slope of Islands.
 Acknowledgement
• Dr. K. SUBRAMANIAN, Principal & Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, PSR
Engineering College , Sivakasi-626140 , SUPERVISOR
• Dr. G Sankarasubramaniam, Professor & Head, Department of Civil Engineering , PSG
technology ,Coimbatore
• Dr. Vishnuram , Professor & Head, Department of Civil Engineering , Akalya college of Engineering ,
Palakad
• Dr.N.Ezhili, Professor and Head of the department zoology, PSG Krishnammal women’s College,
Coimbatore
• The Technicians Mr.Prakash, and Mr.Anand, Coimbatore
• Mr. Duraisamy PWD Special drafting officer, Pollachi
• Mr.Joseph, Alpha lab, Coimbatore.
• Mr.Manikandan and Mr. Manish Kumar,Coimbatore
• Dr.Nithya Jeniffer Assistant Professor Department of Zoology in Kongu Nadu Arts and Science
College, Coimbatore
• Dr.I.K.Subramaniam,Government Arts college, professor Coimbatore
• My sisters, brothers, relatives and family friends
• My loving parents late Mr.C.D. Rajan, and late Mrs.Lakshmi,
• My wife Mrs.Geetha,to my children I. Ezhilan, I. Adithyan, I. Athira (Daughter) and S. Sneha
(Daughter in law)

 
 Acknowledgement
• My Environmental friends from various NGO’s
• Many Professors,Assistant professors and Associate Professors of
engineering colleges and Arts and Science colleges.
• Secretary and Management and Faculty of Department of Civil
Engineering CIT, Coimbatore
• Dr. P.R. Mahadevanpillai,Professor , Akalya Engineering College
Palakad
• Dr. K. Chinnaraju Professor, Anna University, Chennai
• Swapan Saha, Assistant Professor , Lead Director of Academic
Programme, Western Sydney University.
• The Chairmen P.S.R. Engineering college, Sivakasi
• Dr. Sahul Ameed Professor & Head Department of Civil Engineering,
PSR Engineering College, Sivakasi
• Faculty of Department of Civil Engineering PSR Engineering college
Sivakasi.