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Presentation of Algebra

This document provides an overview of vector algebra concepts. It defines vectors as quantities having both magnitude and direction, unlike scalars which only have magnitude. Vectors can be represented using their magnitude and a unit vector indicating direction, or by their x, y, z components. Basic vector operations like addition, subtraction, and multiplication are described. Vector multiplication can yield a scalar using the dot product, or another vector using the cross product. Properties of the dot and cross products are also summarized.

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BIRUNGI CHANCE YOSIA
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38 views15 pages

Presentation of Algebra

This document provides an overview of vector algebra concepts. It defines vectors as quantities having both magnitude and direction, unlike scalars which only have magnitude. Vectors can be represented using their magnitude and a unit vector indicating direction, or by their x, y, z components. Basic vector operations like addition, subtraction, and multiplication are described. Vector multiplication can yield a scalar using the dot product, or another vector using the cross product. Properties of the dot and cross products are also summarized.

Uploaded by

BIRUNGI CHANCE YOSIA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND SURVEY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


ELECTROMAGNETISM
BY
GROUP 1 MEMBERS
LECTURER: SERUNJOGI SOLOMON
1. SAMUEL MUBIRU
2. MUJAWIMANA SARAH
3. MUKIIBI HERBERT
4. TUMWINE PRAISE
5. MUYIMBA CONRAD
PRESENTATION ON VECTOR
ALGEBRA
REVIEW OF VECTOR ANALYSIS

Vector analysis is a mathematical tool with which


electromagnetic (EM) concepts are most conveniently
expressed and best comprehended.
A quantity is called a scalar if it has only magnitude (e.g.,
mass, temperature, electric potential, population).
A quantity is called a vector if it has both magnitude and
direction (e.g., velocity, force, electric field intensity).
The magnitude of a vector Ā is a scalar written as A or|Ā|
A unit vector ē along |A| is defines as a vector whose
A

magnitude is unity (that is, 1) and its direction is along |A|.

ēA = Ā = Ā (|ēA| = 1)
|A| A
Thus
Ā = AēA
Which completely specifies Ā in terms of A and its
direction ēA
A vector Ā in Cartesian (or rectangular) coordinates may be
represented as

(Ax, Ay, Az) or Ax ēx + Ay ēy + Az ēz

Where Ax, Ay, and Az are called the components of Ā in


the x, y, and z directions, respectively; ēx, ēy, and ēz are
unit vectors in the x, y, and z directions, respectively.
Suppose a certain vector is given by = 2ēx + 3ēy + 4ēz
The magnitude or absolute value of the vector is
| = = 5.385

(from the Pythagorean theorem)


The Radius Vector

A point P in Cartesian coordinates may be represented


by specifying (x, y, z). The radius vector (or position
vector) of point P is defined as the directed distance
from the Origin O to P; that is,
= xēx + yē + zēz
y

The unit vector in the direction of r is


ē = xēx + yē + zēz
r y

|
Vector Algebra

Two vectors and can be added together to give another


vector ; that is,
= +
Vectors are added by adding their individual components.
Thus, if Axēx + Ay ēy + Az ēz and B= B ē + B ē + B ē
x x y y z z

C = (Ax + Bx) ēx + (Ay + By) ēy + (Az + Bz) ēZ


Parallelogram rule Head to tail rule
Vector subtraction is similarly carried out as
= - = + (-)
= (Ax - Bx) ēx + (Ay - By) ēY + (Az - Bz) ēZ
The three basic laws of algebra obeyed by any given
vector A, B, and C, are summarised as follows:
Law Addition Multiplication
Commutative + = + k=k
Associative +( + ) = +( + ) k() = (kI)
Distributive k( + ) = k + k
Where k and I are scalars
When two vectors and are multiplied, the result is
either a scalar or a vector depending on how they are
multiplied. There are two types of vector multiplication:
1. Scalar (or dot) product: .
2. Vector (or cross) product: x
The dot product of the two vectors and is defined
geometrically as the product of the magnitude of and
the projection of onto (or vice versa):
. = ABAB
Where AB is the smaller angle between and
If = (Ax, Ay, Az) and = (Bx, By, Bz) then
. = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz
Which is obtained by multiplying and component by
component.
. = .
.(+)= . + .
. =| =
ēx . ēy = ēy . ē = ēz . ēx = 0
z

ē x . ē x = ēy . ē = ē z . ēz = 1
y
The cross product of two vectors and is defined as
x = ABABēn
Where ēn is a unit vector normal to the plane containing
and . The direction of ēn is determined using the right-
hand rule or the right-handed screw rule.
Direction of x and ēn using
a) right-hand rule,
b) Right-handed screw rule
If If = (Ax, Ay, Az) and = (Bx, By, Bz) then

+ =

= (AyBz - AzBy) + (AzBx - AxBz) + (AxBy - AyBx)


Note that the cross product has the following basic
properties:
(i) It is not commutative: x ≠ x
(ii) It is anticommutative: x =-x
(iii) It is not associative: x(X ) ≠ ( X ) x
(iv) It is distributive: x(+ )= X + X
(v) x = 0 ( = 0)

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