Genbio2 Lesson 1 Plant and Animal Nutrition Part 1

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
LESSON 1: COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE

PROCESS OF NUTRIENT PROCUREMENT
AND PROCESSING IN PLANTS AND
ANIMALS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
● Define Nutrient and cite the Nutritional Requirements of Plants and Animals;
● Enumerate nutritional adaptation by plants and feeding mechanisms in animals;
● Distinguish different kinds of digestive compartments in animals;
● Trace the pathway of food processing in a mammalian/human digestive system.
● Enumerate the structures or organs involved in nutrient procurement and
processing in plants and animals;
● Describe the functions of structures or organs involved in nutrient procurement
and processing; and
● Explain how food is processed in a mammalian digestive system.
TOPIC OUTLINE
I. PLANT NUTRITION
A. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF PLANTS

B. ROUTES FOR ABSORPTION OF WATER AND MINERALS ACROSS THE ROOTS
C. NUTRITIONAL ADAPTATIONS BY PLANTS
II. ANIMAL NUTRITION
D. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF ANIMALS

E. FOOD UPTAKE IN CELLS
F. VARIATIONS IN FEEDING MECHANISMS AND DIGESTIVE COMPARTMENTS IN ANIMALS
III. THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Nutrients
are substances required for
the growth and maintenance of
life. These are the compounds
can be obtained from food that
provide us energy, serve as the
building blocks for repair and
growth and essential to
regulate chemical processes.
MODE OF NUTRITION
1. AUTOTROPHS- make their own food.
 Photoautotrophs-plants, algae convert water and carbon dioxide, with the Sun’s energy into
organic sugars which they can use for growth and development.
 Chemoautotrophs-some types of bacteria
2. HETEROTROPHS- depend on other sources/organisms for nutrition

 Parasitic- Parasites
 Saprophytic- Fungi and bacteria
 Holozoic- Amoeba
Nutritional requirements of Plants
1. Water
2. Carbon dioxide
3. Essential nutrients or
elements:
● Macronutrients: C, H, O, K,
Ca, Mg, P, S
● Micronutrients: Fe, B, Cl,
Mn, Zn, Mo, Co
Nutritional
requirements of
Plants
ROUTES FOR THE ABSORPTION OF WATER AND MINERALS ACROSS PLANT ROOTS
1. Apoplast
route –
along cell
walls
2. Symplast
route –
through
plasmodes
mata
Specialized absorptive structures
1. Root hairs – slender 2. Root nodules – localized
extensions of specialized swelling in roots of certain
epidermal cells that plants like legumes where
greatly increase the bacterial cells exist
surface area. symbiotically with plant.
Specialized absorptive structures
3. Mycorrhizae – a symbiotic
interaction between a young
root and fungus
-Phosphorous and copper

transfer
-Plant supplies the fungi with

organic carbon
II. ANIMAL NUTRITION
Calorie- is a unit of energy that indicates the

amount of energy contained in food.
It specifically refers to the amount of heat energy
required to raise the temperature of 1kg (2.2 lb.) of
water by 1 degree Celcius.
1 Cal/1kcal = 1000cal 1cal = 4.184J
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF ANIMALS
I. Carbohydrates
 serve as a major energy source
for the cells in the body.
 These are usually obtained
from grains, cereals, breads,
fruits, and vegetables.
 On average, carbohydrates
contain 4 Calories per gram.
II. Proteins
 can also be used as an energy
source but the body mainly uses
these as building materials for
cell structures and as enzymes,
hormones, parts of muscles,
and bones.
 Proteins come from dairy
products, poultry, fish, meat,
and grains. Like carbohydrates,
 proteins also contain 4 Calories
per gram.
III. Fats – are used to build cell
membranes, steroid hormones, and other
cellular structures
-insulate nervous tissue,
-an energy source.
- contain certain fat- soluble vitamins

that are important for good health.
- 9 calories per gram
-obtained from oils, margarine, butter,

fried foods, meat, and processed snack
foods.
IV. Essential Nutrients
include substances that animals can only get from the foods
they eat because they could not be synthesized inside the
body. These include:
A. Essential amino acids – needed for synthesis of proteins

and enzymes; among the 20 amino acids, eight could not be
synthesized by humans: lysine, tryptophan, threonine,
methionine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine and valine.
B. Essential fatty acids – used for making special
membrane lipids; an example is linoleic acid in humans.
C. Vitamins – organic molecules required in small

amounts for normal metabolism; examples include
● fat-soluble Vitamins A, D, E, K
● water-soluble Vitamins B, B2, B3, B12, C.
D. Trace Elements or Minerals – inorganic
nutrients needed by the body in minute amounts;
these form part of enzymes, body tissues, and body
fluids; examples include: iodine, cobalt, zinc,
molybdenum, manganese, selenium.
Inorganic elements that cannot be synthesized
by the body are called________
a. electrolytes c. minerals
b. essential amino acids. d. vitamins
Which is the main long term energy storage substance
among animals?
a. carbohydrates c. fats
b. proteins d. nucleic acids
FOOD UPTAKE IN CELLS VIA THE THREE TYPES OF ENDOCYTOSIS
Endocytosis is from the Greek roots endon, meaning within;

kytos, meaning cell; and -osis, meaning process. So, it is the process by
which a substance is brought inside a cell without having to pass
through the cell membrane. There are three types of endocytosis:
1. pinocytosis
2. phagocytosis
3. receptor mediated endocytosis
1. PINOCYTOSIS
Uptake of extracellular fluid
by a cell using small
vesicles derived from the
plasma membrane.
“CELL DRINKING”
2.PHAGOCYTOSIS
engulfment of
organic fragments
or big particles
“CELL EATING”
3. RECEPTOR MEDIATED-ENDOCYTOSIS
This relies on membrane

receptor recognition of
specific solutes which are
then taken up by the cell via
receptor-coated pits.
TYPES OF ANIMALS BASED ON FEEDING MECHANISMS
I. substrate-feeders
animals that live in or on their
food source. Examples:
earthworms that feed through
the soil where they live in;
caterpillars that eat through
the leaves where they live on.
II. filter-feeders –
include many aquatic
animals which draw in
water and strain small
organisms and food
particles present in the
medium. Examples:
whales and coelenterates
III. fluid-feeders –
suck fluids containing
nutrients from a living
host. Examples:
mosquitoes, leeches,
head lice, aphids
IV. bulk-feeders – eat
relatively large chunks of food
and have adaptations like jaws,
teeth, tentacles, claws, pincers,
etc. that help in securing the
food and tearing it to pieces.
Examples: snakes, cats, man
Digestive compartments in animals
1. Food vacuoles in
unicellular organisms –
these fuse with lysosomes
that contain hydrolytic
enzymes. E.g. food vacuole
in a protozoan like
Paramecium
2. Gastrovascular cavity or
incomplete digestive system
– composed of a single opening
through which food is taken in
and where wastes are disposed
of, it is like saclike body cavity
e.g. cnidarian Hydra and in
flatworm Planaria
III. Complete digestive system
– essentially like a tube with an
opening at one end for taking in
food (mouth) and an opening at
the other end where unabsorbed
waste materials are eliminated
(anus). In between the mouth and
anus, are specialized organs that
carry out transport, processing,
and absorption of digested
nutrients.

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GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

LESSON 1: COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE

A. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF PLANTS

II. ANIMAL NUTRITION

D. NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF ANIMALS

III. THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

2. HETEROTROPHS- depend on other sources/organisms for nutrition

-Phosphorous and copper

-Plant supplies the fungi with

Calorie- is a unit of energy that indicates the

-insulate nervous tissue,

-an energy source.

- contain certain fat- soluble vitamins

- 9 calories per gram

-obtained from oils, margarine, butter,

A. Essential amino acids – needed for synthesis of proteins

C. Vitamins – organic molecules required in small

Endocytosis is from the Greek roots endon, meaning within;

This relies on membrane

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