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LESSON 1 CAL 2 Integrals

1. The document discusses indefinite and definite integrals. Indefinite integrals find an antiderivative (original function) given a derivative, while definite integrals evaluate the area under a curve between two bounds. 2. Basic properties and formulas for integrating common functions like polynomials, trigonometric functions, and exponentials are presented. 3. Examples show how to set up and evaluate both indefinite and definite integrals using properties like linearity and changing limits of integration.

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Zero Dragneel
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48 views18 pages

LESSON 1 CAL 2 Integrals

1. The document discusses indefinite and definite integrals. Indefinite integrals find an antiderivative (original function) given a derivative, while definite integrals evaluate the area under a curve between two bounds. 2. Basic properties and formulas for integrating common functions like polynomials, trigonometric functions, and exponentials are presented. 3. Examples show how to set up and evaluate both indefinite and definite integrals using properties like linearity and changing limits of integration.

Uploaded by

Zero Dragneel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LESSON 1

INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE


INTEGRALS
Learning Outcome
At the end of this module the student must be able to
1. Understand the basic principles of integration.
2. Know about the indefinite and definite integrals
3. Learn the basic formulas of integration.
4. Solve basic integration problems.
Integration Concept

In calculus 1 we have learned to differentiate a given function using the


different methods of differentiation.
Here in calculus 2 we wil be discussing the reverse process of
differentiation, that is, given the derivative of a function we will find the
function. This required function is what we called as the integral of the given
derivatives and the process of finding it is known as integration. also called
as anti-differentiation. The given function is the integrand.
The process of integration is expresses by the equation

f(x) dx = F(x) + C

where
= the integral sign
f(x) dx = the integrand or differentials to be integrate
F(x) = required function
C = any arbitrary constant

Indefinite Integrals

If the function of a given derivatives or differential has an arbitrary constant C, the function is called indefinite integrals
Properties of Indefinite Integral

1. Definition of an integral

du = u + C

2. If the integrand consist of a sum of terms, each term may be integrated


separately
(du + dv + ...+ ds) = du + dv + ...+ ds

3. If the integrand consist of a constant factor, that factor can be written


before the integral sign.

cdu = c du
Basic Integration Formulas

1) xn dx = +C 6) sec2 x dx = tan x + C

2) = ln x + C 7) csc2 xdx = - cot x + C

3) e ax dx = + C

4) cos ax dx = + C

5) sin ax dx = - + C
Examples

1).Evaluate (8x3 - 6x2 + 12x - 9) dx

Solution

Applying properties 2 and 3 for indefinite integrals, that is

= 8 x3 dx - 6 x2 dx + 12 x dx - 9 dx

=8 -6 + 12 - 9 + C

=8 -6 + 12 - 9 + C

= - + - 9x + C
2) Evaluate dx
Solution
Expand the numerator and rewrite the denominator in exponential form
(see next page)

dx

apply properties of indefinite integrals

dx - 3 dx + 3 dx -

applying properties of exponent in the denominator

(x6 • x-1/2) dx - 3(x4 • x-1/2) dx + 3x2 • x-1/2) dx - dx1 • x-1/2

(x11/2) dx - 3(x7/2) dx + 3(x3/2) dx - x1/2 dx


integrate individually

= - + - +C

= - + - +C

3) (e3x - e-3x)2 dx

Solution
= (e6x - 2 + e-6x) dx

= [e6x dx - 2 + e-6x dx ]
= [ e6x - 2x - e-6x ] + C

= [ e6x - 12x - e-6x ] + C

4. (5 cos 4t - 3 sin 2t) dt

Solution
= 5 cos 4t dt - 3 sin 2t dt
= 5 (sin 4t/4) - (-3 cos2t/2) + C

= sin 4t -(- cos 2t) + C

= sin 4t + cos 2t + C
5. (sec2 4t + csc2 5t) dt

Solution
= tan 4t - cot 5t + C

Definite Integral

A definite integral is an integral with upper and lower limits which are the interval values [a, b] and it is expressed by the equation

b
f (x)dx = F(b) - F(a)
a
Examples

1. Evaluate

Solution

= +x]

= +x ]

= [(2)2 + 2 ] - [(1)2 + 1]

=6 - 2 = 4
2. The integral of the sum of two functions is the sum of their
integrals
dx = +

Example

Evaluate dx

Solution

=4+8
= 4x ] - ]

= [ 4(2) - 4(1) ] - [ - ]

=[8-4]-[4-8]

=4+4

=8
3. The sign of an integral changes when the its limits of
integration interchanged.

=-

Example

Evaluate dx

Solution

=- +6
= - 5x ] + ]

= -[ 5(1) - 0 ] + 2[ - 0 ]

=-5 + 2

=-3

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