5

Formulas

Introduction to Valuation: The

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 Key Concepts and Skills
 Be able to compute the future value of an investment made today
 Be able to compute the present value of cash to be received at
some future date
 Be able to compute the return on an investment
 Be able to compute the number of periods that equates a present
value and a future value given an interest rate
 Be able to use a financial calculator and/or a spreadsheet to solve
time value of money problems

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 Chapter Outline
 Future Value and Compounding
 Present Value and Discounting
 More on Present and Future Values

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 Basic Definitions
 Present Value – earlier money on a time line
 Future Value – later money on a time line
 Interest rate – “exchange rate” between earlier
money and later money
 Discount rate
 Cost of capital
 Opportunity cost of capital
 Required return

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 Future Values
 Suppose you invest $1,000 for one year at 5% per year.
What is the future value in one year?
 Interest = 1,000(.05) = 50

 Value in one year = principal + interest = 1,000 + 50

= 1,050
 Future Value (FV) = 1,000(1 + .05) = 1,050

 Suppose you leave the money in for another year. How

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Future Values: General Formula
 FV = PV(1 + r)t
 FV = future value
 PV = present value
 r = period interest rate, expressed as a
decimal
 T = number of periods
 Future value interest factor = (1 + r) t

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 Effects of Compounding
 Simple interest
 Compound interest
 Consider the previous example
 FV with simple interest = 1,000 + 50 + 50 =
1,100
 FV with compound interest = 1,102.50
 The extra 2.50 comes from the interest
of .05(50) = 2.50 earned on the first interest
payment

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 Future Values – Example 2
 Suppose you invest the $1,000 from the
previous example for 5 years. How much would
you have?
 FV = 1,000(1.05)5 = 1,276.28
 The effect of compounding is small for a small
number of periods, but increases as the
number of periods increases. (Simple interest
would have a future value of $1,250, for a
difference of $26.28.)

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 Future Values – Example 3
 Suppose you had a relative deposit $10 at 5.5%
interest 200 years ago. How much would the
investment be worth today?
 FV = 10(1.055)200 = 447,189.84
 What is the effect of compounding?
 Simple interest = 10 + 200(10)(.055) = 120.00
 Compounding added $447,069.84 to the value of the
investment

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 Quick Quiz – Part I
 What is the difference between simple interest
and compound interest?
 Suppose you have $500 to invest and you
believe that you can earn 8% per year over the
next 15 years.
 How much would you have at the end of 15 years
using compound interest?
 How much would you have using simple interest?

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 Present Values
 How much do I have to invest today to have some
amount in the future?
 FV = PV(1 + r)t
 Rearrange to solve for PV = FV / (1 + r)t
 When we talk about discounting, we mean finding the
present value of some future amount.
 When we talk about the “value” of something, we are
talking about the present value unless we specifically
indicate that we want the future value.

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Present Value – One Period
Example
 Suppose you need $10,000 in one year for the down
payment on a new car. If you can earn 7% annually,
how much do you need to invest today?
 PV = 10,000 / (1.07)1 = 9,345.79

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 Present Values – Example 2
 You want to begin saving for your
daughter’s college education and you
estimate that she will need $150,000 in 17
years. If you feel confident that you can
earn 8% per year, how much do you need
to invest today?
 PV = 150,000 / (1.08)17 = 40,540.34

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 Present Values – Example 3
 Your parents set up a trust fund for you 10
years ago that is now worth $19,671.51. If
the fund earned 7% per year, how much
did your parents invest?
 PV = 19,671.51 / (1.07)10 = 10,000

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 Present Value – Important
Relationship I
 For a given interest rate – the longer the
time period, the lower the present value
 What is the present value of $500 to be
received in 5 years? 10 years? The discount
rate is 10%
 5 years: PV = 500 / (1.1)5 = 310.46
 10 years: PV = 500 / (1.1)10 = 192.77

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 Present Value – Important
Relationship II
 For a given time period – the higher the
interest rate, the smaller the present
value
 What is the present value of $500 received
in 5 years if the interest rate is 10%? 15%?
• Rate = 10%: PV = 500 / (1.1)5 = 310.46
• Rate = 15%; PV = 500 / (1.15)5 = 248.59

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 Quick Quiz – Part II
 What is the relationship between present value
and future value?
 Suppose you need $15,000 in 3 years. If you
can earn 6% annually, how much do you need to
invest today?
 If you could invest the money at 8%, would you
have to invest more or less than at 6%? How
much?

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 Discount Rate
 Often we will want to know what the implied
interest rate is in an investment
 Rearrange the basic PV equation and solve for r
 FV = PV(1 + r)t
 r = (FV / PV)1/t – 1
 If you are using formulas, you will want to make
use of both the yx and the 1/x keys

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 Discount Rate – Example 1
 You are looking at an investment that will pay
$1,200 in 5 years if you invest $1,000 today.
What is the implied rate of interest?
 r = (1,200 / 1,000)1/5 – 1 = .03714 = 3.714%

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 Quick Quiz – Part III
 What are some situations in which you might want to
know the implied interest rate?
 You are offered the following investments:
 You can invest $500 today and receive $600 in 5 years. The
investment is considered low risk.
 You can invest the $500 in a bank account paying 4%.
 What is the implied interest rate for the first choice and which
investment should you choose?

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Finding the Number of Periods
 Start with basic equation and solve for t
(remember your logs)
 FV = PV(1 + r)t
 t = ln(FV / PV) / ln(1 + r)

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Number of Periods – Example 1
 You want to purchase a new car and you
are willing to pay $20,000. If you can
invest at 10% per year and you currently
have $15,000, how long will it be before
you have enough money to pay cash for
the car?
 t = ln(20,000 / 15,000) / ln(1.1) = 3.02 years

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Number of Periods – Example 2
 Suppose you want to buy a new house. You
currently have $15,000 and you figure you
need to have a 10% down payment plus an
additional 5% of the loan amount for closing
costs. Assume the type of house you want will
cost about $150,000 and you can earn 7.5%
per year, how long will it be before you have
enough money for the down payment and
closing costs?

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Number of Periods – Example 2
Continued
 How much do you need to have in the future?
 Down payment = .1(150,000) = 15,000
 Closing costs = .05(150,000 – 15,000) = 6,750
 Total needed = 15,000 + 6,750 = 21,750
 Compute the number of periods
 Using the formula
 t = ln(21,750 / 15,000) / ln(1.075) = 5.14 years

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 Quick Quiz – Part IV
 When might you want to compute the
number of periods?
 Suppose you want to buy some new
furniture for your family room. You
currently have $500 and the furniture you
want costs $600. If you can earn 6%, how
long will you have to wait if you don’t add
any additional money?

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 Spreadsheet Example
 Use the following formulas for TVM calculations
 FV(rate,nper,pmt,pv)
 PV(rate,nper,pmt,fv)
 RATE(nper,pmt,pv,fv)
 NPER(rate,pmt,pv,fv)
 The formula icon is very useful when you can’t
remember the exact formula
 Click on the Excel icon to open a spreadsheet containing
four different examples.

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 Work the Web Example
 Many financial calculators are available online
 Click on the web surfer to go to Investopedia’s
web site and work the following example:
 You need $50,000 in 10 years. If you can earn 6%
interest, how much do you need to invest today?
 You should get $27,919.74

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Table 5.4

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 5
Formulas

End of Chapter

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