S CIENCE AN D

T ECHNOLOGY AN D

N ATION
B UILDING
 Content

A. Th e Phi l i ppi n e
Gove rnm e nt Sc i enc e a nd
Te c hnol ogy Age nda

B. M a j or De ve l opm e nt
Pr ogra m s a nd
P er s ona l i t i e s i n Sc i en ce
a nd Te c hnol og y i n t he
Phi l i p pi ne s

C. S e l e c t e d Ind i ge nous
Sc i e nc e a nd Te c hnol ogi e s
The Philippine Government Science
and Technology Agenda
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
 PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
Early Filipinos used herbal medicine to Filipinos used writing, numerical
treat illnesses. treatment, measurement, and calendar
systems to facilitate trading.
By the first century A.D., Filipinos were
weaving cotton, smelting iron, making
pottery and glass ornaments and were
also engaged in agriculture

Farming, animal-raising, fishing, mining,

and weaving was developed by Filipinos
during this period
 PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
They also developed technologies in creating musical instruments.

kulintang
kutiyapi
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
They also developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking, and fishing; for fighting
their enemies during war or tribal conflicts.

kampilan kris
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
The Metal Age had a significant influence on the lives of early Filipinos.
Sophisticated designs of gold and silver jewelry, ceramics, and metal tools proved
that their technological ideas helped in the development of different tools.
 Moreover, early Filipinos had also developed different modes of transportation,
whether terrestrial or maritime.

Karakao – plank-built warship

- These boats were well suited for inter-
island trade raids. The Spaniards later utilized
Filipino expertise in boat-building and
seamanship for fight and raid expeditions.
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
COLONIAL PERIOD
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
The Spaniards brought with their own culture and practices.

The Spanish government developed health and educational systems that were
enjoyed by the principalia class.

They established schools for boys and gurls. They introduced the concept of
subjects and disciplines.

These schools were mandated to teach religion, reading and writing, music and
arts, and health and sanitation.

It was the beginning of formal science and technology in the country,

known now as school of science and technology.
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
In terms of infrastructure, roads, bridges, churches, and other large infrastructures
were built with more sophistication using some engineering skills and tools brought
by the Spaniards.
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
The Filipinos developed ways to replicate the technology brought by the Spaniards
using indigenous materials.

Further influences of the Spaniard colonization

Medicine and biology were taught in formal colleges and universities established
by the Catholic orders.
The galleon trade had brought additional technology and development in the
Philippines.
Filipino students who were able to study in Europe also contributed to the
advancement of medicine, engineering, arts, music, and literature in the country.
Trade was more prioritized compared to agriculture and industrial
development because its potential to gain large profits.
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
AMERICAN PERIOD
AMERICAN PERIOD
The American occupation modernized almost all aspects of life in the Philippines.
The Americans established the public education system, and improved the
engineering works and the health conditions of the people.
 Institutions for science and technology were reorganized.
- Laboratorio Municipal - Bureau of Government Laboratories (under US
Department of Interior).
- The Bureau of Government laboratories was established for the
purpose of studying tropical diseases and pursuing other related
research projects; eventually became Bureau of Science which
became the main research center of the Philippines.
 They established a modern research university, the University of the Philippines.
AMERICAN PERIOD

They created more public hospitals than the Spaniards.

They established a government agency, the Bureau of Science, for the sole purpose
of nurturing development in the field of science and technology.

Development during the American regime was focused on agriculture, medicine and
pharmacy, food processing, and forestry.

The mineral resources of the country were also explored and exploited during the
American time.
AMERICAN PERIOD

Transportation and communication systems were improved, though not accessible

throughout the country.

tranvia
AMERICAN PERIOD

They Protestant church missions in different places in the country also brought
hospitals and schools to far-flung areas.

However, World War II had established the development of the country in many
ways. Institutions and public facilities were turned into ashes, houses were burned,
and many lives were destroyed.

Since the establishment of the new republic, the whole nation had been focusing on
using its limited resources in improving its science and technology.
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
After achieving independence from the colonizers, the
Philippines under different administration continued to
pursue program in science and technology.
Ferdinand E. Marcos

During the time of the former President Ferdinand E. Marcos, the role of
science and technology in national development was emphasized.
 Mandated the Department of Education and Culture, now known as the
Department of Education (DepEd), to promote science courses in public
high schools.
 Additional budget for research projects in applied sciences and science was
granted.
 In 1968, Taguig was proclaimed as the Philippine Science Community, now
the site of Department of Science and Technology
 The Philippine Coconut Institute (PHILCORIN) was tasked to promote
modernization of the coconut industry.
Ferdinand E. Marcos

 Pioneering hospitals were built.

Ferdinand E. Marcos

 Moreover, on July 12, 1980, the former President Marcos created the Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) as a
government agency. The chairman was, then the first lady and governor of Metro Manila, Imelda Romualdez-Marcos.
This LRTA confined its activities to determining policies, to the regulation and fixing of fares, and to the planning of
extensions to the system.
 Ferdinand E. Marcos
Among others here are notable institutions established under the
presidency of Ferdinand E Marcos:
a. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA)
- In place of the abolished Weather Bureau
- Under the Department of National Defense to provide
environmental protection and to utilize scientific knowledge
to ensure the safety of the people.
b. National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)
- was established to be the reservoir of scientific and
technological expertise in the country.
c. National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA)
- originally established as National Science and Development
Board (NSDB), and now the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST)
Ferdinand E. Marcos

The former President Marcos saw that the key to nation building is the continued
development of science and technology. The progress in science and technology continued
even after his presidency, which left a legacy in this particular field.
Corazon Aquino

 National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) was

replaced by the Department of Science and Technology
(DOST). This was done in order for the S&T sector to be
represented in the cabinet.
 created the Presidential Task Force for Science and
Technology which came up with the first Science and
Technology Master Plan (STMP). This aimed to update
the production sector, improve research activities, and
develop infrastructures for the science and technology
sector.
 Executive Order No.128 abolished R.A. No. 3859, also
known as the “Philippine Inventors Incentive Act.”
- gave assistance to Filipino inventors through giving
financial aid, patent application assistance, legal
assistance, and to help inventors market their products
domestically and abroad.
  significant increase in personnel specializing in
Fidel V. Ramos the science and technology field
- the Philippines had approximately 3000
competent scientists and engineers.
 The Doctors to the Barrio program made health
care accessible even in far-flung areas.
 The government provided 3,500 scholarships
for students who were taking up professions
related to S&T
 Schools were becoming more modernized and
updated with the addition of high-tech
equipment for student.
 addition of Philippine Science High Schools in
Visayas and Mindanao
 The National Program for Gifted Filipino
Children in Science and Technology was
created for high school students who wanted to
major in science and engineering in college
 Fidel V. Ramos
 Several laws and statutes related to the science
and technology sector were mandated:
1. R.A. 8439 (Magna Carta for Scientist, → to expand state support for Filipino science workers,
Engineers, Researchers and other Science and
and empower their efforts towards the country's
Technology Personnel in Government)
development.
2. R.A. 7687 (Science and Technology
Scholarship Act of 1994) → provides for scholarships to talented and deserving
students whose families' socio-economic status do not
exceed the set cut-off values of certain indicators.
3. R.A. 7459 (Inventors and Inventions Incentive → to promote and encourage the creation and
Act)
manufacture of Philippine inventions.
4. R.A. 8293 (The Intellectual Property Code of → It shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of
the Philippines)
scientists, inventors, artists and other gifted citizens to
their intellectual property and creations, particularly
when beneficial to the people, for such periods as
provided in this Act.
Joseph Estrada  launched a full-scale program based on cost-
effective irrigation technologies
 establishment of one science high school in
every province
 advancement of industries and schools into the
Internet age
 passage of the e-Commerce Act
 R.A. 8749 (Clean Air Act of 1999)
- for the promotion of mass media communication in
order to create social awareness and active participation
in air quality planning and monitoring.

 R.A. 8792 (Electronic Commerce Act of 2000)

- aims to facilitate domestic and international
transactions through the utilization of electronic
mediums and technology to recognize the authenticity
and reliability of electronic documents.
Gloria Macapagal- Arroyo
 Gloria Macapagal- Arroyo
 the science and technology sector of the
Philippines was dubbed as the "golden age“
during her term
 the term "Filipinnovation" was the coined term
used in helping the Philippines to be an
innovation hub in Asia
 Science Technology and Innovations (STI) was
developed further by strengthening the schools
and education system such as the Philippine
Science High School (PSHS), which focuses in
science, technology and mathematics in their
curriculum
 R.A. 10601 (Agriculture and Fisheries
Mechanization Law) was passed to modernize
agricultural and fisheries machinery and
equipment through Mechanization (AFMech)
 Benigno Aquino III

New National Scientists were named in 2014. The

following were:

1. Gavino C. Trono (Marine Biology)

2. Angel C. Alcala (Biological Science)
3. Ramon C. Barba (Horticulture)
4. Edgardo D. Gomez (Marine Biology)
Rodrigo Duterte

 Science and Technology sector is seen to be a

priority based on the budget for research and
Development (R&D) that grew by nearly six
times over the same period.
Rodrigo Duterte

 Science and Technology sector is seen to be a

priority based on the budget for research and
Development (R&D) that grew by nearly six
times over the same period.

 DOST focus was set to put results of R&D into

commercialization in order to gain new
intellectual properties.

 Philippine Space Technology Program

launched Diwata- 2 in 2018 after the launch of
Diwata-1 in 2016 that displayed the Philippine
flag in space.
Diwata-2
 MAJOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS AND
PERSONALITIES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Government Policies on Science and
Technology

The Philippine government introduced and

implemented several programs, projects, and
policies to boost the area of science and
technology.
The goal is to prepare the whole country and
its people to meet the demands of a
technologically driven world and capacitate
the people to live in a world driven by
science.
The National Research Council of the
Philippine (NCRP) clustered these policies
into four, namely:
1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education,
International Policies and Governance
2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research,
Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics
3. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical
Sciences
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
There are also other existing programs
supported by the Philippine government
through the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST). Some of these projects
are the following:

• Providing funds for basic research and patents

related to science and technology

• Providing scholarships for undergraduate and

graduate studies of students in the field of science and
technology

• Establishing more branches of the Philippine

Science High School System
There are also other existing programs supported
by the Philippine government through the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST).
Some of these projects are the following:

• Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino

scientists abroad to come home and work in the
Philippines

• Developing science and technology parks

inacademic campuses to encourage academe and
industry partnerships

• The establishment of the National Science Complex

and National Engineering Complex within the
University of the Philippines campus in Diliman.
The Philippine-American Academy of Science and Engineering
(PAASE, 2008) identified several capacitybuilding programs such as:

• Establishment of national centers of

excellence;
• Manpower and institutional development
programs, such as the Engineering and Science
Education Program (ESEP)
to produce more PhD graduates in science and
engineering
• Establishment of regional centers to support
specificindustries;
The Philippine-American Academy of Science and
Engineering (PAASE, 2008) identified several
capacitybuilding programs such as:

• Establishment of science and technology

business centers to assist, advise, and incubate
technopreneurship ventures;
and
• Strengthen science education at an early stage
through the
Philippine Science High School system.
The current K to 12 education program includes Science,
Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)

• The Commission on Higher Education has launched its Philippine-

California Advanced Research Institutes (PICARI) Project to
strengthen the STEM competitiveness of the country.

• The Philippine Congress has also created various laws related to

science and technology. These laws vary according to different themes
such as: conservation, health-related, technology-building, and
supporting basic research, among others.
Some laws and policies are in line with
international treaties such as:

• The United Nations (UN);

• United Nations Educational, Scientific

and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO); and

• Association of Southeast Asian Nations

(ASEAN).
 FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN
THE FIELD OF SCIENCE
1. Ramon Cabanos Barba - for his
outstanding research on tissue culture in
1. Ramon Cabanos Barba - for his outstanding research on tissue
Philippine mangoes
2. Josefinoculture
Cacas Comisoin - Philippine
for his works on mangoes
observing the characteristics of Antarctica
by using satellite images
3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. - known internationally
in the field2. Josefino
of electrical Cacas
engineering; Comiso
was elected - thefor
as officer of his
famous works
Institute of on observing the
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
characteristics of Antarctica by using satellite images
4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz – notable for her
research on sea snail venom
5. Fabian Millar Dayrit - for his research on herbal medicine

3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. - known internationally in the field of electrical

engineering; was elected as officer of the famous Institute of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering

4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz – notable for her research on sea snail venom

5. Fabian Millar Dayrit - for his research on herbal medicine

1. Ramon Cabanos Barba - for his
outstanding research on tissue culture in
Philippine 6.Rafael
mangoes Dineros Guerrero III - for his research on tilapia culture
2. Josefino Cacas Comiso - for his works on
observing the characteristics of Antarctica
by using satellite images
3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. - known internationally
in the field7. Enrique
of electrical Mapua
engineering; was Ostrea Jr. -offor
elected as officer invention
the famous Institute ofof the meconium drugs
testing
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz – notable for her
research on sea snail venom
5. Fabian Millar Dayrit - for his research on herbal medicine
8. Lilian Formalejo Patena – for doing research on plant
biotechnology

9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz – for being an outstanding educator and

graph theorist

10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan - for his research in the field of

communications technology
There are other outstanding Filipino scientists
who recognized here and abroad for their
outstanding contributions in science:

• Caesar A. Saloma - an internationally renowned

physicist

• Edgardo Gomez - famous scientist in marine science

• William Padolina – chemistry and president of National

Academy of Science and Technology(NAST)-Philippines

• Angel Alcala - biologist; marine science specialist

SELECTED
INDIGENOUS
SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
 Content
1 INDIGENOUS
SCIENCE

2 CONCEPT OR
FRAMEWORK OF
INDIGENOUS
SCIENCE

INDIGENOUS
3
KNOWLEDGE

INDIGENOUS
4 KNOWLEDGE
SYSTEM
 Content

1 INDIGENOUS
SCIENCE
 According To:

Gribbin, 2001; Mkapa, 2004; Sibisi,2004

 Indigenous science is part of the indigenous knowledge system practiced by
different groups of people in early civilizations

Paliwen, 2005
What is  It includes complex arrays of knowledge, expertise, practices, and representations
Indigenous that guide human societies in their enumerable interaction with their natural
setting: agriculture, medicine, naming and explaining natural phenomena, and
Science? strategies for coping with changing environments.

Ogawa, 1995
 He claimed that it is collectively lived in and experienced by the people of a given
culture.

Cajete, 2004
 Indigenous science includes everything, from metaphysics to philosophy and
various practical technologies practiced by indigenous peoples both past and
present.
 Iaccarino, 2003
 Science is a part of culture, and how science is done largely depends on the cultural practices
of the people.

Khun, 1962
 Developmental stages of most sciences are characterized by continual competition between a
number of distinct views of nature, each partially derived from, and all roughly compatible
with the dictates of scientific observation and method.

Johnston, 2000
What is indigenous beliefs also develop desirable values namely;

Indigenous 1. MOTIVATING ATTITUDES

Science? practice of motivating people by influencing their thoughts and behaviors.

2. COOPERATING ATTITUDES
it influences a person’s desire and willingness to cooperate and produces an emotional
response.

3. PRACTICAL ATTITUDES
making sensible decisions and choices.

4. REFLECTIVE ATTITUDES
a willingness to think about things that you don’t understand.
 Content

2
CONCEPT OR
FRAMEWORK OF
INDIGENOUS
SCIENCE
Paliwen (2006) simple framework about indigenous science.

INDIGENOUS SCIENCE

SCIENCE PROCESS COMMUNITY CULTURE TRADITIONAL

SKILLS AND VALUES
Uses science process skills
KNOWLEDGE
Indigenous science is guided Composed of traditional
such as observing, by culture and community knowledge practiced and valued
comparing, classifying, values such as the land is a by people and communities such
measuring, problem solving, source of life. It is a precious as ethno-biology, ethnomedicine,
inferring, communicating gift from the creator. indigenous farming methods, and
and predicting. folk astronomy.
 Content

3 INDIGENOUS
KNOWLEDGE
INDIGENOUS
KNOWLEDGE
 Refers to the understandings, skills
and philosophies developed by
societies with long histories of
interaction with their natural
surroundings for rural and indigenous
people.

 Foundation of indigenous science

 Predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge
INDIGENOUS in observing animal’s behavior and celestial bodies.
KNOWLEDGE
THAT ARE Using herbal medicines.
TAUGHT AND
Preserving foods.
PRACTICE BY
INDIGENOUS Classifying plants and animals into families and groups
PEOPLE
Preserving and selecting good seeds for planting.
INDIGENOUS Using indigenous technology in daily lives.
KNOWLEDGE
Building local irrigation systems.
THAT ARE
TAUGHT AND Classifying different types of soil for planting.
PRACTICE BY
INDIGENOUS Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits.
PEOPLE Keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetable
 Content

4 INDIGENOUS
KNOWLEDGE
SYSTEM
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE
SYSTEM
Embedded in the cultural traditions of regional,
indigenous, or local communities

Orally passed and are evident in stories, poems, and

songs

Ancient knowledge that is based on the way indigenous

people see, think, and do in the world based on their
culture

Ways of (relational) knowing and living developed within

communities originally indigenous to a geographical
area. 
Th a nk You!
 SCIENCE
TECHNOLO
GY AND
NATION
BUILDING
PRESENTED BY:

PANTI, DIANA ELEZABETH

SANTELICES, JOANNA MARIE
TESORERO, DANIELA MICHELLE
Sources:

Book/Literature:
A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines by Olivia C. Caoili
Link: https://tuxdoc.com/download/history-of-science-and-technology-in-thephilippines_pdf#download-require

Science, Technology and Society Module

Link: https://www.scribd.com/document/429431394/Science-Technology-and-Society-Module

Videos:
Science, Technology and Nation-Building (STS)
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3IPcr6p-wmU&t=181s

STS Lesson 2: Science, Technology and Nation Building

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKyeAni1ri4&t=2326s