SKELETAL

SYSTEM
LECTURE 2
FUNCTIONS:
• Support
• Protection
• Assist in movements
• Blood cell production
• Triglyceride storage
2
BONE • COMPACT BONE- forms
TEXTURES the sturdy protective layer
• SPONGY BONE/
TRABECULAR BONE-
composes of honeycomb of
small needle-like or flat
pieces called trabeculae
3
TYPES OF
BONES • LONG BONES- longer than
wide
• SHORT BONES - cube-
shaped and are nearly equal
in length and width
• FLAT BONES- thin and
provide extensive areas for
muscle attachment 4
TYPES OF • IRREGULAR BONES-
BONES complex in shape
• SESAMOID BONES- develop
where there is considerable
friction, tension, and physical
stress
- protect tendons from
excessive wear and tear
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BONE DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS:
SURFACE • FISSURE- narrow slit between adjacent
MARKINGS
parts of bones
• FORAMEN- opening for blood vessels,
nerves, ligaments
• FOSSA- shallow depression
• SULCUS- Furrow along a bone surface 6

• MEATUS- Tube-like opening

BONE PROCESSES THAT FORMS
SURFACE JOINTS:
MARKINGS
• Condyle- large, round protuberance
at the end of the bone
• Facet- smooth articular surface
• Head- rounded articular projection
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supported on the neck of the bone

BONE PROCESSES THAT FORM
ATTACHMENT POINTS FOR
SURFACE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
MARKINGS • CREST- Prominent ridge of elongated
projection
• EPICONDYLE- Projection above a Condyle
• TROCHANTER- Very large projection
• TUBERCLE- Small rounded projection
• TUBEROSITY- large, rounded, usually 8

roughened projection
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1) What are the 2 divisions of the AXIAL &
skeletal system? APPENDICULAR
2) How many bones are present in
80 BONES
the axial skeleton?
3) How many bones are present in
the appendicular skeleton? 126 BONES
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AXIAL
SKELETON
SKULL
10

*Cranium = 8 bones
*Face = 14 bones
HYOID = 1 bone
AUDITORY OSSICLES = 6 bones
VERTEBRAL COLUMN = 26 bones
THORAX
*Sternum = 1 bone
*Ribs = 24 bones
TOTAL OF 80 BONES
 AXIAL SKELETON: SKULL- CRANIAL BONES
FRONTAL- Forms the forehead
PARIETAL- greater portion of
the sides and roof of the
cranial cavity
SPHENOID- lies at the middle
part of the base of the skull
TEMPORAL- form the inferior
lateral aspects of the cranium
OCCIPITAL- posterior part and ETHMOID- located on the midline in 11

most of the base of the cranium the anterior part of the cranial floor
medial to the orbits
SUPERIOR VIEW
ETHMOID BONE
Situated anteriorly; cubical in shape

SPHENOID BONE
Centrally located; wedge-shaped bone

TEMPORAL BONES

? situated laterally or at the sides

OCCIPITAL BONE
Closes the posterior wall of the braincase
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FRONTAL BONE
GLABELLA- smooth
portion of the frontal
bone between the orbits

13
PARIETAL BONE

14
15
SPHENOID BONE

16
TEMPORAL BONE

17
OCCIPITAL BONE

18
ETHMOID BONE
Triangular process between
the cribriform plate

help form the roof of the

nasal cavities

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help form the superior part of the nasal septum

AXIAL SKELETON: SKULL- FACIAL BONES
are thin and roughly
resemble a fingernail in
size and shape

prominences of the cheeks

Unite to form the upper
jawbone

filters air before it passes

into the lungs 20
MAXILLARY BONE
forming part of the lateral
aspects of the bridge of the
nose

Where maxillae meets

medially

Carries the upper teeth

21
AXIAL SKELETON: SKULL- FACIAL BONES

forms the bridge of the

nose

Triangular bone which

forms the inferior portion
of the nasal septum
NASAL SEPTUM- vertical
partition of the nasal cavity

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lower jawbone, is the largest,
strongest facial bone
MANDIBLE
insertion point for the large
temporalis muscle that elevates
the lower jaw during chewing

CONDYLAR PROCESS-
articulates with the
mandibular fossa of the
temporal bone, forming
the temporomandibular
joint on the same side.
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AXIAL SKELETON: SKULL- FACIAL BONES
PALATINE BONES - L-shaped

SOFT PALATE

HARD
PALATE

24
PARANASAL SINUSES

25
AXIAL SKELETON: HYOID BONE
• Does not articulate with other 26

bones
• Suspended from the styloid
process of the temporal bones
by ligaments and muscles
• Located in the anterior neck
between the mandible and
larynx
AXIAL SKELETON: VERTEBRAE
FUNCTIONS:
 Encloses spinal cord
 Supports head
 Point of attachment for muscles of back, ribs and pelvic girdle

REGIONS (FROM SUPERIOR TO INFERIOR)

7 cervical
12 thoracic
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5 lumbar
1 sacrum and 1 coccyx
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
C1: ATLAS
 Articulates
with head,
specialized to
support head
 Lacks body
and spinous
process

28
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE

C2: AXIS
 Has body and
spinous process
Called dens
(“tooth”) that
creates a pivot
for head rotation

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CERVICAL VERTEBRAE

TYPICAL
CERVICAL
VERTEBRAE

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THORACIC VERTEBRAE

 Larger than
cervical
 Have facets for
articulations with
ribs

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LUMBAR VERTEBRAE

 Largest and
strongest
 spinous
processes short
and thick

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SACRUM &
COCCYX  4 coccygeal vertebrae fused into 1
 Foundation for
pelvic girdle
 Contain sacral
foramina for
nerves and blood
vessels
 Initially contains 5
vertebrae, fused
into 1 33
REGIONS AND CONCAVE

CURVATURES
CONVEX

CONCAVE

CONVEX
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AXIAL SKELETON: THORAX- RIBS
sometimes fuse with vertebrae or articulate
with them
sites for secure muscle attachment
protective case around viscera (rib cage)

TYPES:
True ribs
False ribs
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Floating ribs
36
AXIAL SKELETON: THORAX- STERNUM

 Lies in the
anterior midline
of the thorax

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GROUP ASSIGNMENT:
1. Research radiographic
38

images of the bones

assigned for each group
with labels of the parts.
2. Deadline of submission
of assignment will be on
Friday 9 AM SHARP.
3. Submission of
assignment will be done
online. Correct format
should be followed.