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Cascode Amplifier

The document discusses the cascode amplifier circuit. It begins by explaining the origin of the term "cascode" and the advantages it provides over a single-stage amplifier like better input-output isolation and higher gain. It then describes how a cascode amplifier consists of a common-emitter stage feeding into a common-base stage. The document also covers the Miller effect, applications of cascode amplifiers, and provides an example of a cascode amplifier using MOSFETs. It summarizes by outlining a low-voltage cascode biasing technique.

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204 views41 pages

Cascode Amplifier

The document discusses the cascode amplifier circuit. It begins by explaining the origin of the term "cascode" and the advantages it provides over a single-stage amplifier like better input-output isolation and higher gain. It then describes how a cascode amplifier consists of a common-emitter stage feeding into a common-base stage. The document also covers the Miller effect, applications of cascode amplifiers, and provides an example of a cascode amplifier using MOSFETs. It summarizes by outlining a low-voltage cascode biasing technique.

Uploaded by

sabita
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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CASCODE AMPLIFIER

• KRUTI DEEPA BEHERA (120EE0683)


• MRITYUNJAY SHARMA (120EE0874)
• SUMIT SINGH (120EE0515)
• DHYANESH RANJAN SETHY (120EE0514)
CASCODE ORIGIN
- Cascode is a technique implied to improve the performance of analog circuits.

- The same technique can be applied to transistors and the vacuum tubes to make the
circuit better performance-wise.
- The word cascode is initiated in the year 1939 by Frederick Vinton Hunt’s and Roger
Wayne Hickman’s article during the discussion of voltage stabilizer applications.

- The word “cascode” was originated from the phrase “cascade to cathode”.

- This circuit have a lot of advantages over the single stage amplifier like, better  input
output isolation, better gain, improved bandwidth, higher input impedance, higher
output impedance, better stability, higher slew rate etc .
CASCODE AMPLIFIER
- The cascode is a two-stage amplifier that consists of a common-emitter stage feeding
into a common-base stage.

- Compared to a single amplifier stage, this combination may have one or more of the
following characteristics: higher input–output isolation, higher input impedance ,
high output impedance , higher bandwidth.
Difference between cascade and cascode
Cascode Cascade

 Cascode amplifier transistors  Cascade amplifiers the


are connected in parallel. transistors are connected in
series.
MILLER EFFECT
* Miller theorem states that any capacitance that exists between the base and the collector of a
common emitter amplifier is going to be multiplied by the gain of the common emitter

* The miller theorem only applies to those circuit that have an inverting output compared to
input
MILLER EFFECT
* Miller theorem states that any capacitance that exists between the base and the collector of a
common emitter amplifier is going to be multiplied by the gain of the common emitter

* The miller theorem only applies to those circuit that have an inverting output compared to
input

The capacitance gain Cin has a numerical value equal to

The equivalent diagram with the miller capacitance in effect can be shown as
MILLER EFFECT
* Miller theorem states that any capacitance that exists between the base and the collector of a
common emitter amplifier is going to be multiplied by the gain of the common emitter

* The miller theorem only applies to those circuit that have an inverting output compared to
input

The capacitance gain Cin has a numerical value equal to


Advantages and disadvantages of Cascode amplifier
 Advantages  Disadvantages

 The bandwidth is high due to  The presence of two


the elimination of the Miller transistors requires a high
Effect. amount of voltage supply.
 Due to the cascode  The sufficient amount of
connection between two drain to source voltage must
transistors the overall gain of be supplied to both the
the system is high. transistor which strikes lesser
 Even the parts of the count the limit on the supply
for both the transistors are voltage.
low.
APPLICATIONS
 The cascode is used in MOSFET technology.

 A modified version of the cascode is also used as an amplitude modulator.


APPLICATIONS
 The cascode is used in MOSFET technology.

 A modified version of the cascode is also used as an amplitude modulator.

 A cascode may also be combined with a voltage ladder to form a high voltage transistor.

 It is widely used in TV tuners, and also in front-end of VHF (very high frequency) receivers.

 These are also used as multiplying mixer circuit in superheterodyne receivers.


Cascode Amplifier using MOSFET
- Cascode Amplifier is the combination of the common source (Common Emitter for BJT) and
the Common Gate Stage (Common Base for BJT).
* The transistor M1 is also known as amplifying transistor

* The output of this transistor is fed to the common gate stage


(M2).

* The output of the cascode amplifier is measured at the drain


terminal of the common gate stage (M2).

* For a time being here, the load is not shown.

*But the load could be a passive resistive load or it could be an


active load like a current load.

The Cascode amplifier provides high intrinsic gain,


high output impedance and large bandwidth.
Output Resistance of Cascode Amplifier:
- The common gate stage multiplies the output resistance of the common source stage.
- If ro1 is the output resistance of the
transistor M1, then the output resistance
seen from the drain terminal of the M2 is
approximately gm2ro2ro1.

- Because of its higher output impedance,


the intrinsic gain of the cascode amplifier
is also very high
Intrinsic Gain of Cascode Amplifier:
- The intrinsic gain of the cascode amplifier can be found by finding the overall
transconductance of the cascode stage.
- If Gm is the transconductance of the cascode stage and Ro is the output resistance of the
cascode amplifier then intrinsic gain Ao = – Gm Ro
- For the cascode stage, the transconductance Gm ≈
gm1 and Ro ≈ gm2 ro2 ro1.

- Therefore, the intrinsic gain |Ao| = gm1gm2ro1ro2.

- The intrinsic gain of the Cascode amplifier is


significantly higher than the common source amplifier.

- The overall voltage gain of the cascode configuration


depends on the load.
Cascode Amplifier with Resistive Load

- The cascode amplifier with the resistive load and the output equivalent circuit. In this case, the
voltage gain |Av| ≈ gm1 ( Ro|| RD).
- Where Ro is the output resistance of the cascode stage.
Cascode Amplifier with Resistive Load

- Typically Ro >> RD. Usually, RD is in kΩ, while Ro is in MΩ. Therefore, |Av| ≈ gm1 RD.

- It is typically the same as the common source amplifier with resistive load.
Cascode Amplifier with current source as a load
- The higher gain can be achieved using the active load.

If the active load is the ideal current source then, the voltage gain |Av| = gm1 Ro.
Cascode using BJT
- The cascode amplifier is the two stage amplifier in which common emitter stage is connected
to common base stage.

The CE-CB cascode connection is


Cascode using BJT
- The cascode amplifier is the two stage amplifier in which common emitter stage is connected
to common base stage.
 The input signal is applied at Q1 i.e at common
emitter stage and output is obtained at Q2. Vcc,
R1, R2, R3, Re are used to bias transistor Q1
and Q2 in active region. Re is used to make Q-
point stable against temperature variation.

 AC output voltage is obtained at RC


collector .coupling capacitor are used to block dc
signal pass a signals.

 AC signal is applied at base of Q1 which


amplifies it with unity gain, and voltage V01
appears across collector of Q1. V01 acts as input
to Q2 which further amplifies the signal and
voltage Vo appears across collector of CB
Configuration.
To perform small signal analysis we
need to draw ac equivalent circuit of
the given amplifier.To draw the ac
equivalent circuit all capacitors must
be replaced by short circuit and the
DC sources connected to ground.
To perform small signal analysis we need to draw ac equivalent
circuit of the given amplifier.To draw the ac equivalent circuit all
capacitors must be replaced by short circuit and the DC sources
connected to ground.
- The overall voltage gain is the product of first stage gain to second stage gain

 AVT = AV2 * AV1

 AVT= (Vo/V1) * (V1/Vin)


- We can see that Vo = Io*Rc.....1

 The output current is Io = hfb ie2

 Hence subsituteing in equation 1 we get Vo =


hfb ie2 * Rc....2
- So to determine Vo1 we need to apply KVL to the input side of common base
connection

 We get Vo1 = ie2 * hib.....3

 Dividing equation 2 by 3 we get.


 Vo/V1 =(hfb ie2 * Rc)/( ie2 * hib )

 Av2 =(hfb * Rc)/(hib)....................4

 Determining the gain for first stage,


 Av1 = Vo1/Vin

 The above figure Vo1 = ie2 * hib...........5

Since ie2 and hfe ib1 are opposite in direction


 So we can write ie2 = -hfe *ib2

 Subsituteing in above equation 5

 Vo1 = -hfeib2 * hib....................6


 To determine Vin we need to apply KVL at the input side .

 Vin – hie ib1=0

 Vin = hie ib1………..(7)

 Now divide (6) and (7) we get


 AV1= Vo1/Vin = (−hfe∗ib1)/(hib*hie∗ib1)

 AV1= −hfe/(hib*hie)…………..(8)

 But WE know

 hib=hie/(1+hfe)
 Substituting in equation (8)

 AV1= (−hfe/hie) ×( hie/1+hfe)

 AV1= −hfe/(1+hfe)

 AV1 ≈ -1 .......................9
 Multiply AV1 and AV2 to obtain AVT

 AVT= AV1×AV2

 AVT= (−hfb∗Rc)/(hib).
 The negative sign indicates the 180 degree phase shift provided by CE stage.

 Input impedance : The input impedance is parallel combination of resistors at


input side

Rin = R2 II R3 II hie
 Output Impedance : The output impedance is given by the output resistance of the
second stage

Ro = Rc
SIMULATION
SIMULATION (Graph Form)
Low-Voltage Cascode Biasing Technique
- A circuit for achieving low-voltage cascode biasing was proposed for transistors
operating in all inversion levels

- This method optimally biases the gate of the cascode transistors to achieve
minimum voltage headroom.
- Transistor Q2 provides the required bias for the
cascode transistor with the bias voltage 

- Large current is drawn through Q1 due to


high aspect ratio, where as
transistors Q5 Q2 and Q3 are unit transistors

- The aspect ratios of Q5 and Q4 are


related as 1:1/n respectively and that
of Q2 and Q1 is 1:m.
Thank you

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