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OS PPT Modified

The document discusses operating system security and cryptography as a security tool. It describes how cryptography can provide secure communication over insecure mediums by using encryption algorithms with keys. Symmetric encryption uses the same key for encryption and decryption, while asymmetric encryption uses public and private keys. The document provides examples of symmetric algorithms like DES and AES, and explains how the RSA asymmetric algorithm works using public and private keys to encrypt and decrypt messages.

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Islamic Tube صدیقیہ مسجد
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45 views13 pages

OS PPT Modified

The document discusses operating system security and cryptography as a security tool. It describes how cryptography can provide secure communication over insecure mediums by using encryption algorithms with keys. Symmetric encryption uses the same key for encryption and decryption, while asymmetric encryption uses public and private keys. The document provides examples of symmetric algorithms like DES and AES, and explains how the RSA asymmetric algorithm works using public and private keys to encrypt and decrypt messages.

Uploaded by

Islamic Tube صدیقیہ مسجد
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

SECURITY
The term operating system (OS) security refers to practices and measures that
can ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA) of operating
systems.
Muhammad Abdullah Hashmi 20021519-016

GROUP
Muhammad Yaseen 20021519-051

MEMBERS Eman Mir 20021519-099

Group E Sheharyar Tariq Butt 20021519-108

3
CRYPTOGRAPHY AS A SECURITY TOOL

• Broadest security tool available


• Source and destination of messages cannot be trusted without cryptography
• Means to constrain potential senders (sources) and / or receivers (destinations) of messages
• Based on secrets (keys)

4
SECURE
COMMUNICATION
OVER INSECURE
MEDIUM
5
Encryption algorithm consists of

ENCRYP
--> Set of K keys
--> Set of M Messages

--> Set of C ciphertexts (encrypted messages)

TION --> A function E : K → (M→C). That is, for each k  K,


E(k) is a function for generating ciphertexts from messages.

--> Both E and E(k) for any k should be efficiently computable


functions.

--> A function D : K → (C → M). That is, for each k  K, D(k) is a


function for generating messages from ciphertexts.

--> Both D and D(k) for any k should be efficiently computable functions.

An encryption algorithm must provide this essential property: Given a ciphertext


 C, a computer can compute m such that E(k)(m) = c only if it possesses D(k).
--> Thus, a computer holding D(k) can decrypt ciphertexts to the plaintexts used to produce
them, but a computer not holding D(k) cannot decrypt ciphertexts.
--> Since ciphertexts are generally exposed (for example, sent on the network), it is important that it be
infeasible to derive D(k) from the ciphertexts
6
SYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION

• Same key used to encrypt and decrypt


• E(k) can be derived from D(k), and vice versa

• DES is most commonly used symmetric block-encryption algorithm (created by US Govt)


• Encrypts a block of data at a time

• Triple-DES considered more secure


• Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), twofish up and coming
• RC4 is most common symmetric stream cipher, but known to have vulnerabilities
• Encrypts/decrypts a strem of bytes (i.e wireless transmission)
• Key is a input to psuedo-random-bit generator
• Generates an infinite keystream
7
ASYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION

• Public-key encryption based on each user having two keys:


• public key – published key used to encrypt data
• private key – key known only to individual user used to decrypt data

• Must be an encryption scheme that can be made public without making it easy to figure out the
decryption scheme
• Most common is RSA block cipher
• Efficient algorithm for testing whether or not a number is prime
• No efficient algorithm is know for finding the prime factors of a number

8
ASYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION

• Formally, it is computationally infeasible to derive D(kd , N) from E(ke , N), and so E(ke , N) need
not be kept secret and can be widely disseminated
• E(ke , N) (or just ke) is the public key
• D(kd , N) (or just kd) is the private key
• N is the product of two large, randomly chosen prime numbers p and q (for example, p and q
are 512 bits each)
• Encryption algorithm is E(ke , N)(m) = mke mod N, where ke satisfies kekd mod (p−1)(q −1) = 1
• The decryption algorithm is then D(kd , N)(c) = ckd mod N

9
ASYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION EXAMPLE

• For example. make p = 7and q = 13


• We then calculate N = 7∗13 = 91 and (p−1)(q−1) = 72
• We next select ke relatively prime to 72 and< 72, yielding 5
• Finally , we calculate kd such that kekd mod 72 = 1, yielding 29
• We how have our keys
• Public key, ke, N = 5, 91
• Private key, kd , N = 29, 91

• Encrypting the message 69 with the public key results in the cyphertext 62
• Cyphertext can be decoded with the private key
• Public key can be distributed in cleartext to anyone who wants to communicate with holder of public key
10
ENCRYPTION AND
DECRYPTION USING
RSA ASYMMETRIC
CRYPTOGRAPHY
11
CRYPTOGRAPHY

• Note symmetric cryptography based on transformations, asymmetric based on mathematical


functions
• Asymmetric much more compute intensive
• Typically not used for bulk data encryption

12
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