BIO01 CO1 PPT - An Overview of The Cell
BIO01 CO1 PPT - An Overview of The Cell
BIO01 CO1 PPT - An Overview of The Cell
AN OVERVIEW
OF THE CELL
General Biology 1 (BIO01) | Course Outcome 1
1st Quarter, 1st Semester SY 2022 - 2023
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LECTURE OBJECTIVES
• To discuss the cell theory
• To compare and contrast the organization of
eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells
• To identify the different parts of the endomembrane
system
• To describe the structure and compare the function of
mitochondria and chloroplast
• To describe the function of cytoskeleton
• To compare and contrast animal cells and plant cells
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BIOLOGICAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Caroline Biological Supply Company. (n.d.). Infographic: The Hierarchy of Life. Pinterest. Retrieved June 6, 2022, from https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/200199145914019142/.
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CELLS
ROBERT HOOKE
• first to observe cells in a cork
• cellulae (Latin, “small rooms”)
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CELL THEORY
MATHIAS SCHLEIDEN
• All plants “are aggregates of fully Mathias Schleiden. Cell Theory (n.d.).
Retrieved June 6, 2022, from
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CELL THEORY
unifying foundation of cell biology
THREE PRINCIPLES
• All organisms are composed of one or more cells, and the life
processes of metabolism and heredity occur within these cells.
• Cells are the smallest living things, the basic unit of
organization of all organisms.
• Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell.
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Slide 7
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BASIC STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES
Nucleoid
Plasma
or Cytoplasm Ribosomes
Membrane
Nucleus
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GENETIC MATERIAL
• Every cell contains DNA as genetic material.
• DNA contains genes.
PROKARYOTES
• contain single circular molecule of DNA found near the center of the cell called the nucleoid
EUKARYOTES
• contain DNA organized into linear chromosomes segregated into a nucleus that is
surrounded by a nuclear envelope
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PROKARYOTES vs EUKARYOTES
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Structure of a prokaryotic cell. Biology Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Structure of an animal cell. Biology 13 th
Pics/Science Source, Biology 13th Edition Edition
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CYTOPLASM
• semifluid matrix that fills the inside of a cell
• contains sugars, amino acids, and proteins the cell needs to carry out
daily activities
• cytosol – fluid part
• membrane-bound organelles – compartmentalization in eukaryotes
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RIBOSOME
• composed of RNA and proteins that synthesize all cellular proteins
PLASMA MEMBRANE
• encloses a cell and separates its contents from its surroundings
• regulates transport of materials into and out of the cell
• cell recognition, connection and adhesion, cell communication
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PLASMA MEMBRANE
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PROKARYOTIC vs EUKARYOTIC
CELLS CELLS
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PROKARYOTIC
CELLS
• small, simple cells
• lack nucleus
• lack membrane-bound organelles
• cell wall – provides support and
protection
• capsule – outer gelatinous covering
• pili – cell attachment to surfaces
and other cells
• flagellum - motility Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Structure of a prokaryotic cell. Biology
Pics/Science Source, Biology 13th Edition
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EUKARYOTIC • compartmentalization
- endomembrane system
CELLS - membrane-bound organelles
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Structure of an animal cell. Biology 13 th Edition Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Structure of a plant cell. Biology 13 th Edition
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PLANT
CELL
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Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Structure of a plant cell. Biology 13 th Edition
ANIMA
L CELL
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Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Structure of an animal cell. Biology 13 th Edition
NUCLEUS
• largest organelle within a eukaryotic
cell
• roughly spherical
• typically located in the central
region of a cell
• first described by Robert Brown
• contains the genetic information
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Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. The nucleus. Biology 13 th Edition shs.mapua.edu.ph
NUCLEUS
nucleolus
• site of ribosomal RNA synthesis
nuclear envelope
• two phospholipid bilayer membranes
nuclear pores
• regulate the passage of molecules
between the nucleus and cytoplasm
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Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. The nucleus. Biology 13 th Edition shs.mapua.edu.ph
RIBOSOME
• cell’s protein synthesis
machinery
• composed of two
subunits made of RNA
and proteins:
- large subunit
- small subunit
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. A ribosome. Biology 13 th Edition
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RIBOSOME
Free Ribosomes
• floating in the cytoplasm
• synthesize proteins found in the
cytoplasm
Membrane-associated
Ribosomes
• synthesize proteins found in the
endomembrane system and
proteins destined for export Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. A ribosome. Biology 13 th Edition
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ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
• series of membrane throughout the cytoplasm
• divides the eukaryotic cell into compartments
site of different cellular functions
channels the passage of molecules through the cell interior
provides surfaces for the synthesis of lipids and some proteins
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ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• largest internal membrane
• composed of phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
• characterized by cisternae
TYPES
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
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ROUGH
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
• ribosomes attached to its surface
• site of synthesizing proteins meant for export
(from cell to lysosome or vacuole, embedded
in the plasma membrane)
• glycosylation – modification of synthesized
proteins by addition of short-chain
carbohydrates
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. The endoplasmic reticulum. Biology 13 th Edition
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SMOOTH
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
• lack bound ribosomes
• synthesis of lipids (e.g. steroid hormones,
membrane lipids)
• stores intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+)
• detoxification of organic molecules
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. The endoplasmic reticulum. Biology 13 th Edition
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ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
GOLGI APPARATUS
• characterized by cisternae
• functions in the collection, packaging,
and distribution of molecules synthesized
at one location and used at another
within the cell or even outside of it
• modification of proteins and lipids
• synthesis of cell wall components
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. The golgi apparatus. Biology 13 th Edition
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GOLGI
APPARATUS
cis face
• receiving side
• located near the ER
• materials arrive in transport vesicles
trans face
• exit of materials from golgi apparatus
in secretory vesicles
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. The golgi apparatus. Biology 13 th Edition
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Protein Transport through
Endomembrane System
Proteins and lipids manufactured on the RER and
SER are transported into the Golgi apparatus and
modified as they pass through it.
EXAMPLE
• addition of short sugar chains, forming
glycoproteins and glycolipids
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Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Protein transport through Endomembrane System. Biology 13 th Edition
Answer the following: 15mins
Gform: https://forms.gle/7QpkZd4FTMDFkphV6
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ENDOMEMBRAN
E SYSTEM
LYSOSOME
• digestive vesicles
• contains high levels of enzymes (acid
hydrolases) that degrade biological
macromolecules break down old organelles
and recycle their component molecules
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ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
VACUOLE
• specialized membrane-bounded structures
found in plant cells
• helps maintain tonicity and osmotic balance
in plant cells
• storage of useful molecules (sugars, ions,
pigments)
• breakdown of macromolecules
• detoxification of foreign substances
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. The central vacuole. Biology 13 th Edition
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CELLULAR GENERATORS
MITOCHONDRIA AND
CHLOROPLASTS
• surrounded by a double
membrane
• contains their own DNA and
protein synthesis machinery Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T.
Mitochondria. Biology 13th Edition
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MITOCHONDRI
A
• two membranes:
outer membrane (smooth)
inner membrane (folded)
cristae – numerous
contiguous layers
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MITOCHONDRI
A
• site of ATP synthesis
ATP – adenosine triphosphate
• converts chemical energy stored
in chemical bonds of
macromolecules into a form
that is more useful and readily
used by cells
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Mitochondria. Biology 13 th Edition
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CHLOROPLAST
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CHLOROPLAST
• thylakoids – disk-shaped
structures; contains light-
capturing photosynthetic
pigments
• grana – stacks of thylakoids
• stroma – fluid matrix; contains
enzymes used to synthesize
glucose
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Chloroplast structure. Biology 13 th Edition
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CYTOSKELETO
N
• a network of protein fibers that supports the
shape of the cell and anchors organelles to
fixed locations
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CYTOSKELETO
N
Actin Filaments (Microfilaments)
• responsible for cellular movements (e.g. contraction,
crawling, formation of cellular extensions)
Microtubules
• organize the cytoplasm; responsible for moving materials
within the cell itself
Intermediate Filaments
• provide structural stability
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Molecules that make up the cytoskeleton. Biology 13 th Edition
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CENTRIOLE
• found in animal cells but not
in plant cells
• occur in pairs
• centrosome – region
surrounding the pair
• help organize microtubules
• each centriole is composed of
nine (9) triplets of
microtubules. Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. Centrioles. Biology 13 th Edition
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EXTRACELLULAR STRUCTURES
• FLAGELLA AND CILIA– aid movement
• PLANT CELL WALLS – provide protection and support; protective
layer made of carbohydrate polymers
Primary Cell Wall – provides flexibility and allow the cell to
increase in size; mainly made of cellulose, hemicellulose,
glycans, and pectin
Secondary Cell Wall – formed between the primary cell wall
and the plasma membrane
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PLANT CELL WALLS
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EXTRACELLULAR
STRUCTURES
• EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX –
collagen fibers and elastin fibers embedded
within a complex web of glycoproteins that
form a protective layer over the cell surface
provides animal cells strength to
prevent tearing
structural support in cells that
participate in movements
serves as a scaffold where cells can
properly organize/arrange themselves
cell signaling
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan. T. The extracellular matrix. Biology 13 th Edition
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REVIEW
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Identify the different
subcellular
structures/organelles in a
eukaryotic cell and
determine the function of
each.
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Determine the different
parts of a prokaryotic cell
and determine the function
of each.
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MULTIPLE CHOICE
Which of the following is found in animal cells but not in plant cells?
a. mitochondria
b. golgi apparatus
c. centrioles
d. DNA
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MULTIPLE CHOICE
Which of the following are found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
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MULTIPLE CHOICE
Which of the following is found in prokaryotic cells but not in animal
cells?
a. plasma membrane
b. capsule
c. ribosomes
d. cytoplasm
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Slide 55
Cell-to-Cell Interactions
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CELL-TO-CELL INTERACTIONS
Surface proteins give cells identity.
• Cells make contact, “read” each other, and react.
• Glycolipids – most tissue-specific cell surface markers.
• MHC proteins – major histocompatibility complex; recognition of
“self” and “non-self” cells by the immune system
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CELL CONNECTIONS
ADHESIVE JUNCTIONS
• mechanically attaches cytoskeletons of neighboring cells or cells to the E CM
SEPTATE/TIGHT JUNCTIONS
• connect the plasma membranes of adjacent cells in a sheet – no leakage.
COMMUNICATING JUNCTIONS
• chemical or electrical signal passes directly from one cell to an adjacent one (gap
junction, plasmodesmata).
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CELL
CONNECTIONS
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End of Presentation
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REFERENCES
Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Duncan, T. D. (2023). Biology, Thirteenth edition,
McGraw-Hill LCC
Biology: The Dynamic Science, 4th ed by Russell, Hertz, & McMillan (2017)
World of the Cell, 8th Ed by Becker, Hardin, Kleinsmith, & Bertoni (2012)
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