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Lecture 1b

This document discusses the history and technology behind mobile cellular networks. It begins with an overview of cellular network basics like frequency bands and the use of radio waves. It then covers the different generations of cellular networks from 0G to 4G/LTE and how they have evolved. The document discusses challenges like the multiple access problem and how techniques like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA address this. It also covers issues related to the packet switched vs circuit switched nature of earlier networks and the implications for performance.

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Elinaike Matheru
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34 views29 pages

Lecture 1b

This document discusses the history and technology behind mobile cellular networks. It begins with an overview of cellular network basics like frequency bands and the use of radio waves. It then covers the different generations of cellular networks from 0G to 4G/LTE and how they have evolved. The document discusses challenges like the multiple access problem and how techniques like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA address this. It also covers issues related to the packet switched vs circuit switched nature of earlier networks and the implications for performance.

Uploaded by

Elinaike Matheru
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

ICSE 6222: Mobile Tel.

Tech
History of Mobile Data Networks
2

 Remember that phones were originally designed for


calls
Cellular Network Basics
3
 There are many types of cellular services; before delving into
details, focus on basics (helps navigate the “acronym soup”)
 Cellular network/telephony is a radio-based technology; radio
waves are electromagnetic waves that antennas propagate
 Most signals are in the 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900
MHz frequency bands

Cell phones operate in this frequency


range (note the logarithmic scale)
Cellular Network Generations
4

 It is useful to think of cellular Network/telephony in


terms of generations:
 0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones
 1G: Analog cellular telephony
 2G: Digital cellular telephony
 3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony (including video
telephony)
 LTE (4G): IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and
multimedia telephony at faster data rates than 3G
Evolution of Cellular Networks
5

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G
Cellular Network
6
 Base stations transmit to and receive from mobiles at the
assigned spectrum
 Multiple base stations use the same spectrum (spectral reuse)
 The service area of each base station is called a cell
 Each mobile terminal is typically served by the ‘closest’ base
stations
 Handoff when terminals move
The Multiple Access Problem
 The base stations need to serve many mobile terminals
at the same time (both downlink and uplink)
 All mobiles in the cell need to transmit to the base
station
 Interference among different senders and receivers
 So we need multiple access scheme
Multiple Access Schemes
8

3 orthogonal Schemes:
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Frequency Division Multiple Access
9

frequency

 Each mobile is assigned a separate frequency channel for a call


 Guard band is required to prevent adjacent channel interference
 Usually, one downlink band and one uplink band
 Different cellular network protocols use different frequencies
 Frequency is precious and scare – we are running out of it
 Cognitive radio
Time Division Multiple Access
10

Guard time – signal transmitted by mobile


terminals at different locations do no arrive
at the base station at the same time

 Time is divided into slots and only one mobile terminal transmits
during each slot
 Like during the lecture, only one can talk, but others may take the floor
in turn
 Each user is given a specific slot. No competition in cellular network
 Unlike Carrier Sensing Multiple Access (CSMA) in WiFi
Code Division Multiple Access
 Use of orthogonal codes to separate different transmissions
 Each symbol of bit is transmitted as a larger number of bits using
the user specific code – Spreading
 Bandwidth occupied by the signal is much larger than the information
transmission rate
 But all users use the same frequency band together

Orthogonal among users


Why am I telling you this?
12

The performance we get out of cell networks


is intimately tied to network design
 …and cell networks (pre-LTE) were not designed for IP

 Instead, optimized for


 Circuit-switched
 Low bitrate (calls/text)
 Charging customers, allowing connections from any cell
provider
Wired networks are relatively simple
13

DSL Access Remote Access Server:


Broadband
Multiplexer:
Bridge between layer 2 and 3, sits in
Separates voice and data
core
“Simplified” view of 3G
14

NodeB & Base Station


Mobile Serving
switching GPRS Support Node:
center:
Gateway GPRS Support Node:
Controller: Move IP packets to/from radio
Analog to digital
Route to/from the Interet
Converts RF to wired network
Packet switched vs circuit switched
15

 3G and earlier maintains two data paths


 Circuit switched: Phone calls (8kbps) and SMS/MMS
 Packet switched: All IP data
Packet switched vs circuit switched
16

 LTE uses “all in one” approach


 Everything over IP, including voice
 S-GW (Serving Gateway) replaced SGSN, P-GW replaces
GGSN
Backward compatibility
17
Mobile Architecture in practice
18

 RNC/NodeB: 1000s
 SGSNs/S-GWs: 10s or 100s
 GGSN/P-GWs: < 10
 Why is this a problem?
Very few GGSNs for a large region
19
Implication: Path Inflation
20

 Path inflation: Two nearby hosts are connected by a


geographically circuitous IP path
 Can be caused by
 Carrier path
 Interdomain policy
 Lack of nearby peering points
Path Inflation Example: Ingress
21
Path Inflation Example: Peering
22
Inflation breakdown for AT&T
23
Wireless/Radio Issues
24

 Conflicting goals
 IP application assume “always on” connectivity
 Radio consumes large amounts of power
 How to balance the two?

 Compromise in UMTS networks: 3 power states


 Idle: No data channel, only paging, almost no power
 FACH: Shared, low-speed channel, low power
 DCH: Dedicated channel, high speed, high power
Issues with this approach
25

 State promotions have promotion delay


 State demotions incur tail times
800 mW
High
DCH Bandwidth
Send/Recv
any data Idle for 5 s
Queue >
threshold

IDL FAC
Idle for 12 s 460 mW
No Power E H
Low Bandwidth
No BW
Delays add up…
26

 Delay to send a packet


 Delay to save power
… to inefficiency
27

 Inefficient radio utilization (34% power/channel)


LTE Key Features
28
 Uses Multi-input Multi-output (MIMO) for enhanced
throughput
 Reduced power consumption
 Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less battery
power used by handsets)
 Lower latency to get access to the medium

 Performance sometimes better than WiFi!


Middleboxes in Mobile Networks
29

 Carrier-grade NAT
 Devices often assigned private IPs
 Firewalled connections
 Content optimizers  Mobile networks
 Split TCP connections
 Why?
 Compression and caching
 Other strange behavior
 How might we measure
these?

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