CEX4231 (Structural Analysis
and Design II)
Design Class
(Reinforced Concrete Structures)
Department of Civil Engineering
The Open University of Sri Lanka
Nawala, Nugegoda
In CEX4231 (Block I)
We studied about statically indeterminate structures
What is a statically indeterminate structure ?
Different types of analysis techniques
Moment area method
Three moments method
Slope deflection method
Moment distributions method
Energy theorems
Castiglino’s theorems
Muller Brasslov method
Structural Engineering
Analysis Design
Functional, Safe and
economical
Reinforced – To make it strong
Objectives
To introduce the theory and applications of design in reinforced
concrete.
To develop an understanding into the behaviour and design
To prepare on the effective use of design code and standard formulas in
the design of reinforced concrete members.
Evaluation of Design Codes
In Early days in Iraq.
It is after 1900s...
Design codes are used in many areas,
Structural Engineering,
Highway Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering and etc
Design codes, Manuals and Guidelines
Different Methods of Design
The permissible stress method
Introduced in 1900
Uses basic concept of Modular Ratio (Es / Ec)
In the elastic range
Load factor method
Introduced in 1956 in USA and 1957 in UK.
Plastic range
Limit state design
Consider both strength and serviceability criteria
Consider the uncertainty nature of strengths and
loads
Limit State Design
A structure may become ‘unfit for its intended use’ in may
ways during its life. Such a state is called LIMIT STATE.
Fail or collapse, buckling, over turning
High deformation, deflects, crack or vibrate
Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
A structure reaches ULS when it can not be used safely due to failure or
collapse or unstable due to buckling or over turning
Serviceability Limit State (ULS)
A structure reaches ULS when it can not be used safely due to failure or
collapse or unstable due to buckling or over turning
BS 8110 Code uses limit state design
The structure is designed for its most critical limit state
and then check other limit state
Design of reinforced concrete building
Design for ULS and check for SLS (BS8110 Part I)
Design of water retaining structure (Swim pool)
Design for SLS and check for ULS
Design of prestressed concrete building
Design for SLS and check for ULS
Design of Nuclear reactor
Design for SLS and check for ULS
Reinforced Concrete
Concrete is material made of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and
cement mixed with water
Concrete is weak in tension and strong in compression.
We reinforce it by adding steel bars.
Property Concrete Steel
Strength in tension Poor Very good
Strength in compression Good Good when no tendency to buckle
Strength in Shear Fair Good
Durability Good Corrodes if unprotected
Coefficient of thermal 7*10-6 per 0C to 12*10-6 0C 10*10-6 0C
expansion
Fire resistance Good Suffers rapid loss of strength at
high temperatures
Stress – strain Relationship for Concrete and Steel
For Steel
γm is Partial Safety Factor of
material
γm - 1.15 (1985) ; γm - 1.05
(1997)
For Concrete
γm is Partial Safety Factor of
material
γm - 1.5
Loadings on a Structure
Dead loads
Imposed loads
Wind loads
Other types of loads (Earthquake loads)
Characteristic loads, Design loads
Loading combination
ULS and SLS
In Reinforced Concrete
Steel reinforcement provides the tensile and shear strength
where necessary
Concrete if well bonded to the steel, improve its resistance to
buckling
Concrete if well made, protects the steel to improve its
durability and fire resistance
Steel reinforcement to provide extra strength on compressive
strength and shear strength
Shrinkage and creep
Behaviour of Plane Concrete Beams
There will be cracks in the tension side.
SAQ 1.1 (Page 42)
Sketch where would you place reinforcements for following
cases
Simply supported beam
Cantilevered beam
Continuous over three equal spans
Supported on knife edge supports of L distance apart
and cantilever portion L distance beyond
Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beams
Different sections
Cracked section, semi cracked section and non cracked section
Singly reinforced section
Doubly reinforced section
Moment of resistance
Lever arm
Under reinforced, over reinforced and balanced section
Different Structural Elements of a RF Building
Different elements
Slabs
Beams
Columns
Foundations
Stair cases
Structural layout of the building
Symmetry, shear walls
Load transfer mechanism of a concrete structures
Design of Slabs
Criteria for determination of two slabs
Ly/Lx ratio where Ly is long span and Lx is short span
One way slab
Load is transferred in short span direction
Two way slab
Load is transferred in both directions
More load is transferred in short span direction
Middle strip and edge strip
Consideration of one meter strip
Nine cases of Table 3.14
Design of Slabs (Cont.)
Design for ULS and check for SLS
SLS criteria
Check the deflection of the slab using span/effective depth ratio
(Span/Effective Depth ) allowable > (Span/Effective Depth ) actual
If the criteria is violated , make necessary changes.
No need for shear reinforcements if deflection criteria is satisfied.
Bar spacing rule and minimum reinforcement for slabs.
