Teacher in Service 2 1

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Articulation & Phonological development

SERVICE
1 Typical speech sound development
Obectives: 2 Articulation and phonology defined. The

difference between articulation and
What information we are covering
today: phonological disorders
3 Common articulation sound errors and

phonological processes
4 Educational impact of speech sound

disorders
5 Red flags to watch for in the classroom

Typical speech sound
development
Typical By the age of 5, children
should have a
Speech sound acquisition beginsdevelopment:
at the age vocabulary of 2,200-
of 2 and continues through age 6. 2,500 words
Age and speech sounds acquired: Other important milestones, to name a few:
By the end of kindergarten, children should be able
to
2 years: /p, h, n, d, b, w, m/
• Follow 1-2 step directions
3 years: /t, f, y, ng, k, g/ • Listen to and understand age-appropriate stories
4 years: /ch, l, s, v, z, dz, sh/ read aloud
5 years: /zh, th (voiced like 'the' , r/ • Follow a simple conversation
6years: /th/ (voiceless like 'bath)/ • Be understood by most people
• Answer yes/no questions
By the age of 5, children will be • Answer simple wh-questions
intelligible (able to be understood) 90- • Retell a story
100% of the time. • Know how a book works
• Understand that letters relate to specific sounds
Articulation and
Phonology
Articulation: Phonology:
The motor process as a whole involved in the The study of a sound system of language.
production of speech.
The articulators involved in speech are the: Governs the rule system, sound arrangement, and
Tongue, teeth, lips, palate, and respiratory the units of sound within a language.
system. Articulation involves moving the This can include sound patterns and their
articulators in a coordinated and precise meanings, and the way they come together to
manner. form speech and words.
Example of articulation: An example of phonology:

The coordination of the tongue, teeth, and Comparing the sounds of /p/ in the words 'pop'
respiratory system are used to produce /s/ and 'up.'
Difference between Articulation
and Phonology:
Articulation involves the physical production of speech sounds,
while Phonology involves the use of the language, including
things like rules, meanings, sound patterns, and the way they
come together to form language.
It is important to note that children can have articulation and

phonological disorders co-ocurring
Articulation disorders and common
sound errors:
Disorders in articulation are characterized by difficulties with motor
production of speech sounds or difficulty producing particular speech sounds.
4 error types involved in articulation are Substitution, Omission,
Distortion, and Addition. Some common articulation errors are:
• Distortion of the /s/, typically in a form of lisping. 'thoup' for 'soup'
• Subtituting one sound for another, for example, 'wed' for 'red.'
• Omitting a sound 'nana' for 'banana.'
• Adding a sound that is not part of a word 'ga-lue' for 'glue.'
Common phonological processes:
Phonological process occur when typically developing children are learning to talk.
They will often simplify their speech to make difficult-to-produce sounds easier.
This is a normal part of language development, and is gradually phased out as
they age. Age of disappearance ranges from age 2.5 to 9 depending on the type
of process.
Some examples of phonological processes are:

• producing 'top' for 'stop'
• producing 'lellow' for 'yellow'
• producing 'pi' for 'pig'
• producing 'dat' for 'that'
Phonological Disorders:
Phonological disorders occur when there is an impairment of the rules governing
sound combinations, and impaired understanding of sound systems. They are
typically predictable, and can affect more than one sound.
When the phonological processes we just learned about continue to persist past the
typical age growth/age of disappearance, children are diagnosed with a phonological
disorder.
Intelligibility or the
ability to understand
someone's speech is
often signficiantly
impaired.
How does this impact a
child's education?
Educational impact of speech
sound disorders:
Children with speech sound disorders may have difficulty in the following areas:
• Following directions-either during lesson instruction or an activity

• Learning to read- manifests as reading delay
• Writing- due to trouble with word order
• Spelling errors and/or delays- difficulty with letter order
• Expressing themselves- due to difficulty in understanding their speech and
expressing thoughts and needs
• Social/emotional issues-due to misreading social cues, or children
misunderstanding and possible teasing for the way they speak
Nearly 1 in 12 US
children ages 3-17 have
a disorder related to
speech, language, voice
or swallowing
Red flags to watch for/when to refer for
Phonological red flags:evaulation:
Articulation red flags:
• Difficulty in following instructions • Child either substituting, omitting,
• Poor engagement in reciprocal distorting, or adding a sound in a
conversations word where it does not typically
• Difficulty in telling or re-telling a story belong
• Doesn't seem to understand when read to • Interferes with learning ability or
• A lot of short utterances with grammatical performance
errors • Child withdrawn due to speech sound
• Immature communication styles error
• Difficulty learning new words • Sound made consistently
• Pronounces words incorrectly
Recap:
Typical developmental milestones Articulation Phonology
defined/disorders defined/disorders
This helps to see where a child should What this is and what it What this is and what it
typically be in their speech and language looks like looks like
Difference of articulation Educational impact Red flags

and phonological disorders How does this affect children What to look for when
at school? concerned about a child
How to identify
Thank
you!
For any questions, please contact me at:
[email protected]
References:
Crowe, K. & McLeod, S. (2020). Children's English Consonant Acquisition in the United States
A Review American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. https://doi.org/10/1044/2020_AJSLP-
19-00168
Developmental Norms for Speech and Language. American Speech-Language Hearing

Association. https://www.asha.org/slp/schools/prof-consult/norms/
Lanza, J.R. & Flahive, L.K. (2008). Guide to communication milestones. Concepts, feeding,
morphology, literacy, mean length of utterance, phonological awareness, pragmatics, pronouns,
questions, speech sound acquisition, and vocabulary. East Moline, Il. Linguisystems
Raaz, C. (2021). Articulation and Phonological Disorders in Children,Introduction and Overview

[Power Point slides]. Presented in class, UNCO Greeley, CO

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TEACHER IN-

Articulation & Phonological development

Obectives: 2 Articulation and phonology defined. The

3 Common articulation sound errors and

4 Educational impact of speech sound

5 Red flags to watch for in the classroom

Example of articulation: An example of phonology:

It is important to note that children can have articulation and

Some examples of phonological processes are:

• Following directions-either during lesson instruction or an activity

Difference of articulation Educational impact Red flags

Developmental Norms for Speech and Language. American Speech-Language Hearing

Raaz, C. (2021). Articulation and Phonological Disorders in Children,Introduction and Overview

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