PHYSICS FOLIO
(FORM 4)
FORCES AND MOTION
-Application In Daily Life-
Mechanical Pencil
Name: Nadiah Chen Class: 4 Arif 2 Date Of Submission: Teacher: Pn.Rohana
Nadiah Chen - 4 Arif 2 - Mechanical Pencil
CONTENTS
Introduction Physics Concepts Advantage and Disadvantages Precaution Bibliografi
Nadiah Chen - 4 Arif 2 - Mechanical Pencil
MECHANICAL PENCILS
Nadiah Chen - 4 Arif 2 - Mechanical Pencil
INTRODUCTION
Mechanical Pencil was invented by John Hawkins and Sampson Mordon in 1822 in Britain. Mechanical pencil is a pencil with a replaceable and mechanically extendable solid pigment core called a lead . It is designed such that the lead can be extended as its point is worn away. The lead is not bonded to the outer casing and is usually graphite based, though coloured pigments and other solid substances are also used. Mechanical pencils are often designed and used to provide lines of constant thickness without requiring sharpening, making them well suited to applications like technical drawing and fine-point or general writing. They have also, relatively unusually, been used, either with conventional pencils , or by itself, for fine-art drawing. There are a few types of mechanical pencil, namely ratchet-based pencils, screw-based pencils, and twist-based pencils. However, ratchet-based mechanical pencils have a few variations, such as topclicked, button-clicked, and there are even shakeable variations available. These mechanical pencils are also available in many sizes of leads, ranging from 0.2mm to 1.0mm, up to 2.0mm, with 0.5mm and 0.7mm being the most commonly used lead sizes.
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PHYSICS CONCEPTS
ELASTICITY
Definition: Elasticity is the ability of a material to return to its original shape and size when the external force acting on it is removed.
Hookes Law: Hookes Law States that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force provided that the elastic limit is not exceeded. Formula: F = kx Units: Nm-1, Ncm-1, or Nmm-1
Nadiah Chen - 4 Arif 2 - Mechanical Pencil
PHYSICS CONCEPTS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORCE AND EXTENSION OF A SPRING
Based on the formula: The more force is put in , the longer the extension of spring will be If the elastic limit is exceeded, the length of the spring is longer then the original length even though force is no longer acts on it. This is called permanent extension Therefore, If the elastic limit is not exceeded, the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force.
Nadiah Chen - 4 Arif 2 - Mechanical Pencil
PHYSICS CONCEPTS
ELASTICITY AND MECHANICAL PENCIL
In a mechanical pencil, a lead advancing mechanism is prepared using metal that works on a spring system. When a button is pressed (either from the side or the top of the pencil), this spring pushes the lead forward, and then settling back so the lead is locked into place.
Nadiah Chen - 4 Arif 2 - Mechanical Pencil
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
With the spring that helps the mechanical pencil to exert the lead, there is no need in sharpening the pencil because it is constantly replacing the lead whenever the mechanical pencil is pressed. The best part of mechanical pencil is that the writing is fine and consistent. Hand writings will be neater and more consistent. Very ideal for technique application and also of its balance when we write. It wont get shorter, it will always stay the way it is and this is good so that it wont change your balance as you write.
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGE
The lead is very sharp and very dangerous for children Very fragile and once broken or drop on the ground, you must change a new lead because it will break inside the barrel of the pencil Several precautionary steps should be taken in order to avoid any accident and injury
Nadiah Chen - 4 Arif 2 - Mechanical Pencil
PRECAUTION
Users should not use it as a weapon to poke a person because of the pointed edge in front. An aggressive poke might lead to serious injury and maybe death.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_pencil http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?&p=cool+mec hanical+pencils&rs=1&fr=yfp-t-701&fr2 =tab-web http://www.articlesbase.com/shopping-articles/the-manyadvantages-of-mechanical-pencils-694997.html http://www.wikiopens.com/steps-in-manufacturingmechanical-pencils.html http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4899408_how-mechanicalpencils-made.html
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